Research Article |
Corresponding author: Simone Orsenigo ( simone.orsenigo@unipv.it ) Academic editor: Lorenzo Peruzzi
© 2016 Simone Orsenigo, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Jacopo Calevo, Miris Castello, Donatella Cogoni, Matilde Gennai, Wolfang Licht, Chiara Montagnani, Enrico V. Perrino, Silvia M. Pinna, Giuseppe Silletti, Errol Vela, Daniele Viciani, Marisa Vidali, Robert Philipp Wagensommer, Elena Zappa, Giuseppe Fenu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Orsenigo S, Bacchetta G, Calevo J, Castello M, Cogoni D, Gennai M, Licht W, Montagnani C, Perrino EV, Pinna SM, Silletti GN, Vela E, Viciani D, Vidali M, Wagensommer RP, Zappa E, Fenu G (2016) Global and Regional IUCN Red List Assessments: 1. Italian Botanist 1: 61-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.1.8647
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In this contribution, the conservation status assessment of six plant species according to IUCN categories and criteria are presented. It includes the assessment at global level of Linaria tonzigii Lona, Allium garganicum Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi, Ferula arrigonii Bocchieri, Orchis patens subsp. patens and Armeria saviana Selvi and the assessment at regional level (Italy) of Viola jordanii Hanry.
Conservation, extinction risk, IUCN protocol, threats
The text of the national and global assessment should be submitted electronically to Simone Orsenigo (Simone.Orsenigo@unimi.it) or to Giuseppe Fenu (gfenu@unica.it); text up to 8000 characters in length (space included) must include a distribution map and a picture of the assessed species.
Global assessment
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: LamialesFamily: Plantaginaceae
Linaria tonzigii Lona, Natura (Milano) 40: 66 (1949)
Common name: Linajola bergamasca (Italian)
Geographic distribution range: Linaria tonzigii (Fig.
Distribution: Countries of occurrence: Italy
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (hemicryptophyte)
Flowering time: from July to August depending on the altitude
Reproduction: no information on pollination, dispersal strategy nor seed germination is available.
Habitat and ecology: Linaria tonzigii grows exclusively on calcareous rocks (Esino Limestone). It is typical of unstable limestone screes between 1,600 and 2,400 m a.s.l. and is attributable to the alliance Thlaspion rotundifolii Jenny-Lips 1930.
Population information: There is no detailed information available on population dynamics; however, due to its habitat, the population trend and the number of mature individuals can be considered stable.
Threats: 1.3. Tourism and recreational areas: the easternmost populations are threatened by projects aimed at developing and connecting skiing areas.
5.2.1. Gathering terrestrial plants, Intentional use: the plant is collected by botanists and amateurs for herbarium sheets.
6.1. Recreational activities: some populations grow on trails used by hikers and are, therefore, threatened by human trampling.
11.1. Habitat shifting & alteration: the plant is potentially threatened by natural habitat evolution (growth of grass and shrubs on partially stabilized debris); this process is particularly evident at lower altitudes.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 190 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull in QGis 2.0
AOO: 40 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
Decline: no documented decline in number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations, quality of the habitat, AOO, and EOO.
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: Linaria tonzigii is an Italian endemic that is found in the southern calcareous Alps of Lombardy. It has an extent of occurrence of 190 km2 and an area of occurrence of 40 km2. The species occurs in four principal nuclei at altitudes ranging between 1,600 and 2,400 m a.s.l. (
Previous assessment: at a global level, the species was previously assigned to the following categories: EN (D) in
Conservation actions: Linaria tonzigii is listed in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is protected by a Regional Law (LR 10/2008, Lombardy Administrative Region). Some seed samples are stored ex situ at the Millennium Seed Bank (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, UK).
Conservation actions needed: further monitoring and research activities are recommended in order to better understand its reproductive biology, which is currently almost unknown, and to plan translocation programmes if the skiing area projects will be executed.
Simone Orsenigo
Global assessment
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: AsparagalesFamily: Amaryllidaceae
Allium garganicum Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi, Plant Biosyst. 143(suppl.): 78–84 (2009)
Common name: Aglio del Gargano, Aglio garganico (Italian)
Geographic distribution range: A. garganicum (Fig.
Distribution: Countries of occurrence: Italy
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (geophyte)
Flowering time: from early June to late July
Reproduction: no information on pollination, dispersal strategy and seed germination is available
Habitat and ecology: A. garganicum grows on limestones, not only near the coast as in the locus classicus, but also at higher altitudes (in Montenero at almost 1000 m a.s.l.). At lower altitudes the species is usually a member of stony or rupestrian xerophilous grasslands dominated by Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P.Beauv., attributed to the Stachyo fragilis-Brachypodietum retusi C. Brullo, S. Brullo, Giusso & Tomaselli 2006 of the alliance Thero-Brachypodion ramosi Br.-Bl. 1925 (
Population information: There is no detailed information available on population dynamics.
Threats: 2.3.1 Nomadic grazing: the habitat of the species is sometimes affected by grazing.
6.1 Recreational activities: the populations near the coast (Peschici and Vieste) are affected by tourism in the summer, and threatened by human trampling during flowering and fruiting seasons.
7.1.1 Increase in fire frequency/intensity: an increase in fire frequency or intensity would negatively affect the populations.
12.1 Other threats (natural succession): natural succession, favoured by the occurrence of the populations in protected areas, represents a serious danger for the habitat conservation.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 2938 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull (with Google Earth Pro)
AOO: 20 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
a) Number of locations: five (according to threats 6.1 and 12.1)
b) Decline expected in EOO (i), AOO (ii), area, extent and quality of the habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv), number of mature individuals (v).
Category: EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
Criterion D: AOO: 20 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
Number of locations: five (according to threats 6.1 and 12.1)
Plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to CR in a very short time: yes
Category: VU D2
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: Allium garganicum is an Italian endemic that is found only in the Region of Apulia. It has an EOO of 2,938 km2 and an AOO of 20 km2. Recent data indicates that the species occurs on five sites, four of them in the Gargano promontory and one in the Murge plateau, corresponding to five locations according to threats 6.1 (recreational activities) and 12.1 (natural succession). The subpopulations consist of very few individuals. Due to the identified threats, a decline is expected in EOO, AOO, area, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals.
Previous assessment: at a global level, the species was not evaluated (NE) previously (
Conservation actions: Allium garganicum is unprotected by international, national, and regional laws. Neither seed nor bulb collections exist in germplasm banks.
Conservation actions needed: research activities and a monitoring programme are recommended in order to better understand the reproductive biology and the population trend of the species, and in order to evaluate the effects of human activities on the subpopulations, especially those located in touristic areas. Ex situ gene resource banking is recommended, for possible plant translocation programmes aimed at increasing the very low number of individuals in the subpopulations.
Robert Philipp Wagensommer, Enrico Vito Perrino, Giuseppe Nicola Silletti, Wolfgang Licht
Global assessment
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: ApialesFamily: Apiaceae
Ferula arrigonii Bocchieri, Boll. Soc. Sarda Sci. Nat. 26: 309 (1988)
Common name: Ferula di Arrigoni (It); Férule d’Arrigoni (Fr); Fennel of Arrigoni (En)
Geographic distribution range: Ferula arrigonii (Fig.
Distribution: country of occurrence: Italy (Sardinia) and France (Corsica)
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (rhizomatous geophyte)
Flowering and fruiting time: flowering from late April to June and fruiting in July
Reproduction: no information is available on pollination, dispersal strategy, and seed germination.
Habitat and ecology: Ferula arrigonii grows in coastal areas directly exposed to the marine aerosol, mainly on small islands, either on rocky cliffs and without an apparent substrate preference (
Population information: There is no detailed information available on population dynamics. However, due to its habitat, the population trend and the number of mature individuals can be considered stable.
Threats: 1.1 Housing & Urban areas: the Corsican population is located in a natural area inside the city of Bonifacio, but future urban developments (i.e., construction of roads, buildings, and parking areas) could represent a potential threat to the population.
6.1. Recreational activities: some populations grow in or near touristic localities (e.g., Isola dei Cavoli, Capo San Marco, Capo Caccia, Capo Testa and Isola di Tavolara) with many visitors during the summer, and could, therefore, be affected by human trampling.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 22,960 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull in ArcGis 2.0
AOO: 60 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
Decline: no documented decline in EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations, quality of the habitat, and number of mature plants.
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: Ferula arrigonii is a Corso-Sardinian endemic forming 15 distinct populations, mainly concentrated in Sardinia. It has an extent of occurrence of ca. 23,000 km2 and an area of occurrence of 60 km2. The populations are generally stable and no severe threats affect this plant; the single Corsican population is the only potentially threatened one by the expansion of urban areas. The threat analysis shows no real risks of decline for populations, even those located in tourist areas. For this reason, this plant is considered as Least Concern at a global level.
Previous assessment: the species was previously assigned to the following categories at regional level: Lower Risk (LR) in
Conservation actions: Ferula arrigonii is unprotected by international, national, and regional laws. Seeds collected from ten Sardinian populations were stored ex situ at the Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR, Cagliari, Italy); duplicata of these were also sent to the Millennium Seed Bank (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, UK).
Conservation actions needed: research activities are recommended in order to better understand the species’ reproductive biology; monitoring programmes aimed at evaluating the effects of human activities on populations, especially the Corsican population and those located in touristic areas, are recommended.
Notes: F. arrigonii was for a long time considered a naturalized species of Sardinian provenance (
Giuseppe Fenu, Donatella Cogoni, Maria Silvia Pinna, Gianluigi Bacchetta
Global Assessment
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: CaryophyllalesFamily: Plumbaginaceae
Armeria saviana Selvi, Nordic J. Bot. 27(2): 126. 2009
Common name: Armeria di Savi (It)
Geographic distribution range: A. saviana (Fig.
Distribution: country of occurrence: Italy
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (hemicryptophyte)
Flowering and fruiting time: A. saviana flowering from May to June and fruiting in July
Reproduction: no information on pollination, dispersal strategy and seed germination is available
Habitat and ecology: A. saviana grows in xerophilous herbaceous communities characterized by low cover typical of the stony pastures or on the rocky slopes with slight declivity, at an altitude of 900-1000 m a.s.l. It prefers the calcareous soil but it can occur also on the arenaceous-marl substratum (Angiolini and De Dominicis, 1999,
Population information: there is no detailed information available on population dynamics, trend and the number of mature individuals.
Threats: 7.3 Other ecosystem modifications: in the last decades, a reduction in grazing activity has led to the closure of the habitat and represents a serious threat for its conservation.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 32 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull in QGis 2.0
AOO: 32 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
a) Number of locations: five locations (Poggio La Torretta, M. Buceto, Poggio all’Olmo-M. Aquilaia, Poggio Le Volturaie and M. Labbro) have been identified according to threat 7.3
b) Decline in extent and quality of the habitat (iii)
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: A. saviana is an endemic plant threatened by habitat loss: it has an extent and area of occurrence of ca. 32 km2. The populations are generally constituted by few individuals and although no severe threats affect these plants, the considerable decrease in grazing activity entails habitat reduction.
Previous assessment: A. saviana was not evaluated (NE) previously (
Conservation actions: A. saviana [sub A. denticulata (Bertol.) DC] is protected at regional level (LR 56/2000) but not by any international or national laws. Some stations are included in the SCI IT51A0018 “Monte Labbro e Alta Valle dell’Albegna” as defined in the European Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
Conservation actions needed: further monitoring and research activities are recommended in order to better understand the reproductive biology and population trend of the species.
Matilde Gennai, Daniele Viciani
Global assessment
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: OrchidalesFamily: Orchidaceae
Orchis patens Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 318 (1799)
= Orchis brevicornis Viv., Ann. Bot. (Genoa) 1(2): 184 (1804)
Common name: orchidea patente (Italy), orchis ouvert (Tunisia), orchis étalée (Algeria), green spotted orchid (UK)
Geographic distribution range: the distribution range of Orchis patens (Fig.
Distribution: Countries of occurrence: Italy, Algeria, Tunisia
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (bulbous geophyte)
Flowering time: from April to May (June), depending on altitude
Reproduction: investigations on seed germination and pollination strategy are in progress.
Habitat and ecology: O. patens subsp. patens grows in open habitats with high or medium brightness, such as rocky grasslands, clearings, and scarcely dense woods of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), oak (Quercus sp. pl.) or cedar trees (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière), including cultivated olive tree groves (Olea europaea L.). The species lives both on limestone and siliceous substrates. Currently, it occurs both at the edge of cities, in rural areas (in Italy), and in natural environments. Its altitudinal range goes from 100 to 1,700 m a.s.l.
Population information: O. patens is usually found at very low densities (less than 20 individuals per site) and is often quite rare.
Threats: 1.1 Housing & urban areas: in the past, urban development probably brought O. patens subsp. patens close to extinction in several sites (e.g., Algiers and surroundings) and is an ongoing threat for habitat quality, causing extinction events locally (Italy).
2.1.2 Small-holder farming: locally (Italy) the biological cycle of the species is affected by inadequate agricultural practices (e.g., weeding during flowering).
2.3.1 Nomadic grazing: several sites are threatened by overgrazing (North Africa).
4.1 Road and railroads: recently the building of a new track in Algeria (near Souk-Ahras) has strongly reduced the number of individuals of the only extant population of the site (L. Boutabia Telailia, pers. comm.).
5.2.1 Intentional use (species is the target): due to its pretty flowers, the plant is sometimes collected (Italy). In North Africa, the tuber is used for traditional medicineand in witchcraft, and like all other tuberous orchids locally named “al hayia wa al mayta” (the living and the dead).
7.3 Other ecosystem modifications: the lack of adequate agricultural practices and forest management leads to closure of the habitat (Italy).
8.2 Problematic native species: in Italy, wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) damage the plants.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 308730 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull in QGis 2.2.
AOO: 168 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid.
a) The species has a severely fragmented distribution (number of locations > 10)
b) Decline in quality of the habitat (iii) and number of mature individuals (v) has been directly observed and expected to continue in the future
Category: EN B2ab(iii,v)
Criterion C: small population size (<10.000 in total), an estimated continuing decline and
a) (i) number of mature individuals in each subpopulation <1,000
Category: VU C2a(i)
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: O. patens subsp. patens has a severely fragmented distribution and is characterized by quite small populations, threatened above all by the declining area and quality of suitable habitats. Several sites recorded in the past are not confirmed today, but extinction events are quite ancient and no recent decrease of the range of O. patens subsp. patens has been recorded in the last 10 years or three generations of the species. Recently, local extinctions (decrease of mature individuals) have been recorded. At global level O. patens subsp. patens (excluding Canary Islands populations) is classed as EN B2ab(iii,v).
Previous assessment: at the European level, the species was assigned to EN B1ab(iii,v) in
Conservation actions: O. patens is listed in Appendices II (Annex B) of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and protected by local (Liguria administrative region in Italy) and national (Algeria) laws. In Italy, the Red List assessment of O. patens at the national level is still in progress. Several sites of O. patens subsp. patens fall within protected areas. Preliminary taxonomic studies on its global range are in progress.
Conservation actions needed: research is required to clarify taxonomic uncertainties (species and subspecies) and further in-depth field studies are recommended to better define the distribution of O. patens (in particular in the Canary Islands and North Africa); a coordinated global monitoring plan and local interventions to stem threats to habitat and species, including ex situ conservation actions, are desirable.
Notes: for some authors, O. patens occurs in the Mediterranean basin as O. patens subsp. patens and in the Canary Islands as O. patens subsp. canariensis (Lindl.) Asch. & Graebn. (
Chiara Montagnani, Jacopo Calevo, Errol Vela
Regional assessment (Italy)
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Order: MalpighialesFamily: Violaceae
Viola jordanii Hanry, Prodr. Hist. Nat. Var: 169 (1853)
Common name: Viola di Jordan (It); Violette de Jordan (Fr); Jordans Veilchen (De)
Geographic distribution range: Viola jordanii (Fig.
Distribution: Countries of occurrence: Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine.
Biology: Plant growth form: perennial (hemicryptophyte)
Flowering time: from late April to July
Reproduction: production of chasmogamous, insect-pollinated flowers and cleistogamous, self-pollinating flowers; autochorous and myrmecochorous seed dispersal (
Habitat and ecology: V. jordanii thrives mainly in xerophile or meso-xerophile mixed oak woods, and in the mantles, hedgerows and fringes connected to them, from the plains to the hilly and lower montane belt. It is found on dry calcareous soils and brown forest soils; in eastern Europe, it also grows on loess and dry silicate soils (
Population information: In Italy, the species is known from five small sites located in two distant regions. The estimated Italian population size is 850 individuals. There is no detailed information available on population dynamics; however, on the basis of habitat conditions, the population trend can be considered in decline.
Threats: 5.2.1 Intentional Use (species is the target): the species is very rare in Italy and has a certain ornamental value; it can, therefore, be threatened by intentional gathering by collectors, botanists, and/or amateurs.
6.1 Recreational activities: the plant species typically grows along paths and can be threatened by hikers (human trampling).
7.3 Other Ecosystem Modifications: the species is threatened by habitat loss arising from natural dynamic processes of shrub encroachment and regeneration of woods due to abandonment of traditional agricultural, grazing, and wood harvesting practices and reduction of path management.
CRITERIA APPLIED:
Criterion B: EOO: 4,938 km2 calculated with minimum convex hull in ArcGis 2.0
AOO: 24 km2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid
a) Number of locations: five (according to threat 7.3)
b) Continuing decline observed, estimated and projected in extent and/or quality of the habitat (iii)
Category: EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Criterion D: Number of mature individuals <1,000
Category: VU D1
Red List Category and Criteria (National Assessment)
Rationale for the assessment: In Italy, V. jordanii is listed as Endangered under Criterion B due to its reduced EOO (4938 km2) and AOO (24 km2), the number of locations (5) considering the serious threat posed by habitat loss, and a continuing decline of the habitat as result of land abandonment. Populations from NE Italy are isolated from those of the Balkans while the NW Italian population is close to France, where the species is considered rare; therefore, also considering the dispersal strategy, downlisting was not applied.
Previous assessment: previously listed at national (Italy) level as EN (
Conservation actions: In France, V. jordanii is considered a rare species, protected at the regional level in both regions where it occurs (i.e., Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur and Rhones-Alpes); it is included in the Provisional List of the Red Book of Endangered Species of France (
Conservation actions needed: further monitoring and research activities are recommended in order to better understand the distribution, reproductive biology, and population trend of the species. V. jordanii is favoured by actions aimed at maintaining habitat mosaic, reintroduction of traditional grazing activities, and path management.
Miris Castello, Marisa Vidali, Elena Zappa
C. Montagnani, J. Calevo and E. Vela would like to thank D. Amari, L. Boutabia Telailia, C. Cibei, K. Rebbas and A. Stagi for supplying data and for their collaboration.