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Research Article
First record of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Apiaceae) in Italy
expand article infoRiccardo Pennesi, Emilia Cunto§, Sandro Ballelli
‡ University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
§ Unaffiliated, Domicella, Italy
Open Access

Abstract

The occurrence of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides, a species distributed in the Balkan Peninsula, Greece, southern Caucasus, Turkey and southern Russia, is reported here for the first time in Italy. It was discovered in Calabria (southern Italy) in the Argentino River Valley and along the Abatemarco River (municipality of Cosenza), localities partly included within the Pollino National Park. Information about taxonomy, nomenclature, habitat, phytosociology and distribution of this species in Italy are provided.

Keywords

Apennine, Calabria, Peucedanum, Umbelliferae, vascular flora

Introduction

Apiaceae Lindl. is a cosmopolitan family comprising 466 genera and about 3,820 species, found most widely in temperate Eurasia and North America (Plunkett et al. 2018). The species are not evenly distributed among genera, 41% of which are monotypic and 26% comprise only two or three species each (Pimenov and Leonov 1993). Sixty percent of the total number of species have been assigned to a relatively small number of large genera containing over 20 species each (Spalik et al. 2001). These genera include Ferula L. (170 species), Peucedanum L. (100–120), Seseli L. (100–120), and Ligusticum L. (40–50), all of which are considered polyphyletic by Katz-Downie et al. (1999) and Downie et al. (2000).

Peucedanum sensu lato, distributed in Eurasia and Africa, is one of the most taxonomically complex groups in the Apiaceae (Pimenov and Leonov 1993). Based on morphological and molecular studies, the genus is now reduced to P. officinale L. and a few other species, and several distinct genera are recognized (i.e., Reduron et al. 1997; Spalik et al. 2004; Pimenov et al. 2007; Pimenov and Ostroumova 2012; Lei et al. 2022).

During field surveys in southern Italy (Calabria administrative region) carried out in 2016, we discovered several individuals of an unknown species belonging to the Apiaceae not corresponding to any recorded taxon for the Italian vascular flora (Bartolucci et al. 2018; Galasso et al. 2018; Stinca and Ricciardi 2018). This plant was preliminarily identified as Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Boiss.) Pimenov, through literature and herbarium research, a species distributed in the Balkan Peninsula, Greece, southern Caucasus, Turkey, and southern Russia (POWO 2023).

The purpose of this study was to verify the correct identification of this disjunct population occurring in southern Italy and to distinguish it from related genera occurring in Italy. Furthermore, to increase knowledge on the Italian vascular flora, we provide taxonomic, phytosociological, and distributive data relating to this new finding.

Material and method

Field investigations were carried out in September 2016 in Calabria (southern Italy) along the Abatemarco River (Santa Maria del Cedro, Cosenza; WGS 84: 39°44'25"N, 15°52'04.6"E, Fig. 1) and in the Argentino River Valley (Orsomarso, Cosenza; WGS 84: 39°47'42.6"N, 15°55'18.0"E, Fig. 1). The latter locality falls in the Site of Community Importance “Valle del Fiume Argentino” (IT9310023) within the Pollino National Park. Ten samples were collected and one individual was transplanted in the “Carmela Cortini” Botanical Garden of the University of Camerino for ex situ conservation purposes.

Figure 1. 

Italian localities of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (red dots, Google Earth view): 1, Santa Maria del Cedro; 2, Orsomarso.

Careful surveys of relevant literature to find existing records of the species in Italy were performed (Bartolucci et al. 2018 and Galasso et al. 2018 and subsequent updates reported in the Portal to the Flora of Italy 2023; Stinca and Ricciardi 2018). Floristic and phytosociological studies concerning the studied area (Terracciano 1891, 1896, 1900; Gavioli 1932; Maiorca and Spampinato 1994, 1999; Bernardo 2002; Mercurio et al. 2007; Scarfò et al. 2008), or more generally southern Italy and Calabria (Bernardo et al. 2012; Maiorca and Puntillo 2015; Roma-Marzio et al. 2016; Conti et al. 2019; Rosati et al. 2020; Stinca et al. 2021; Spampinato et al. 2022) were also analysed. Identification of the collected specimens was performed following the morphological descriptions and the analytical keys in Seidel (1889), Vandas (1889), Tutin et al. (1968), Chamberlain (1972), Hartvig (1986), Frey (1989), and Pimevov and Ostroumova (2012). The original description of the species was also studied (Boisser 1872). Furthermore, a phytosociological survey was carried out using the Braun-Blanquet approach (1964). All the collected specimens are kept in Herbarium Universitatis Camerinensis (CAME; herbarium acronym follows Thiers 2023).

Results and discussion

Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Boiss.) Pimenov, Umbelliferae Russia 284 (2012)

Physospermum aegopodioides Boiss., Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 923 (1872).

Peucedanum aegopodioides (Boiss.) Vandas, Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1888: 449 (1889).

Cervaria aegopodioides (Boiss.) Pimenov, Vestn. Moskovsk. Gosud. Univ., ser. 16, Biol. 4: 37 (1982).

Ind. Loc

“Hab. supra Brusnik in districtu Bitolia Macedoniae (Orph!)”.

Type

(see Pimenov and Ostroumova 2012). “Supra Brusnik prope Bitolia Macedoniae. 25 July 1862. Th.G. Orphanides 376” (holo: G-BOIS; iso: G, GB).

Species description from the Italian (Calabria) material

(Figs 2, 3). Erect perennial plants (70–120 cm), with long horizontal rhizomes; solitary, fistulous, glabrous, striated stems; large leaves, 2–3 ternatisect, non-swollen sheaths, broadly triangular laminae, with oblong lobes, glabrous, petiolate, with a minutely rough margin, as well as in the main veins and apiculate teeth; petioles striated round in section, hollow; umbels with 20–35 unequal, slender, minutely scabrous rays mainly on one side; bracts none, 3 or 6, lesiniform; umbrellas with more than 10 rays and numerous lesiniform bracteoles, always present; petals white, largely ovate, erect apex slightly emarginated, lobes swollen; mericarps glabrous (5 × 6.5–7 mm), broadly elliptical or almost round, dorsally compressed, broadly winged (1.5–2 mm), bifid carpophores; flat-conical stylopods, with wavy margin; evident filiform dorsal ribs.

Figure 2. 

Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Calabria, Santa Maria del Cedro, middle stretch of the Abatemarco River, photo R. Pennesi) A whole plant B basal leaves C flowers D fruits E habitat.

Figure 3. 

Herbarium specimen of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides kept in CAME.

Distribution

Rhizomatophora aegopodioides is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, and Serbia), Greece (central-eastern and central-northern; northern and southern Pindus), southern Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Turkey, southern Russia (POWO 2023), and here reported for southern Italy (Fig. 4). In Calabria, the species is widespread along the banks of the Abatemarco and Argentino rivers and in the adjacent wetlands. Currently, its presence in the Italian peninsula is the westernmost stand of the distribution range. Furthermore, the Calabrian population shows the lowest altitude known for this species. This may be due to the strong thermal inversion in the valley bottoms of the Argentino River Reserve (Maiorca and Spampinato 1999).

Figure 4. 

Distribution of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides showing the Italian record from Calabria (red dot). Image from POWO (2023, modified).

Habitat

In Italy, it grows in hygrophilous forests, alder forests, riverbanks, and freshwater habitats at about 100–200 m a.s.l. The results of one relevé carried out in the Santa Maria Del Cedro locality are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Relevé on Santa Maria del Cedro, middle stretch of the Abatemarco River, 25/09/2016, 127 m a.s.l. (WGS 84: 39°44'25.6"N, 15°52'04.6"E). The nomenclature of the cited species and subspecies follows Bartolucci et al. (2018).

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (1.1); Populus nigra L. subsp. nigra (1.1); Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Boiss.) Pimenov (3.3); Carex pendula Huds. (3.3); Solanum dulcamara L. (2.2); Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica (1.2); Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (1.1); Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. (+.2); Juncus conglomeratus L. (+.2); Tussilago farfara L. (+.2); Vinca major L. subsp. major (+.2); Bidens tripartita L. subsp. tripartita (+); Cirsium creticum (Lam.) d’Urv. subsp. triumfettii (Lacaita) K.Werner (+); Clematis vitalba L. (+); Convolvulus sepium L. (+); Epilobium hirsutum L. (+); Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (+); Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum (+); Ficus carica L. (+); Geranium versicolor L. (+); Lamium maculatum L. (+); Melissa officinalis L. subsp. altissima (Sm.) Arcang. (+); Persicaria maculosa Gray (+); Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. (+); Rubia peregrina L. (+); Salvia glutinosa L. (+).

Phenology

Flowering in August-September, fruiting in September-October.

Chromosome number

2n = 22 (Kuzmanov et al. 1977 as Peucedanum aegopodioides, material from Bulgaria, M. Ljulin; Strid and Franzėn 1983 as Peucedanum aegopodioides, material from Greece, M. Olympus)].

Taxonomic remarks

The monotypic genus Rhizomatophora Pimenov is characterized by perennial plants, growing in hygrophilous forests, alder forests, riverbanks, wetlands, and freshwater habitats. This genus is morphologically close to Cervaria s.str. and Peucedanum s.str. In Italy, according to Bartolucci et al. (2018) and subsequent updates summarized in the Portal to the Flora of Italy (2023; see also Martellos et al. 2020) three taxa of Peucedanum and one species of Cervaria are reported: P. officinale L. subsp. officinale (native), P. paniculatum Loisel. (cryptogenic), P. coriaceum Rchb. (native, but not recently confirmed), and C. rivini Gaertn. (native). Stinca and Ricciardi (2018) indicate three Peucedanum and one Cervaria taxa in the second edition of “Flora d’Italia”: P. officinale subsp. officinale (native), P. paniculatum (probably casual alien species), P. coriaceum (not recently confirmed and probably locally extinct)], and C. rivini (native).

Pimenov and Ostroumova (2012) provided the following description for the genus Rhizomatophora: leaves 2–3 ternatisect; leaflets petiolulate, broad, ovate to oblong; margins dentate or incised. Bracts absent or 3–6, lanceolate to subulate; rays many, velvety; bracteoles many, subulate; pedicels many, minutely pubescent. Calyx lobes triangulate, membranous at margin; petals white or pinkish; stylopodium plane to conical, wavy at margin. Fruits compressed dorsally, glabrous; dorsal ribs filiform, marginal ribs broadly winged; commissure broad; vittae minute, vallecular 1, commissural 2; rib secretory ducts large, 2 in each rib. Seed face plane. The genus Rhizomatophora differs from Cervaria s.str. for the long horizontal rhizomes, the petioles and stems fistulous, the largely triangular teeth of the calyx, the obtuse margin of the albumen, the marginal crests of the broadly winged and translucent mericarps, unistrate mesocarps, smooth membranous cells (without an inner layer of tangentially elongated cells), and continuous, rather broad (not isolated, minute) secretory canals. Rhizomatophora is also easily recognizable from the related genus Peucedanum s.str. by the terminal lobes of the leaves, the long rhizomes, the petioles and stems fistulous, the widely winged mericarps with light striations and continuous secretory canals (Pimenov and Ostroumova 2012). The morphological characters distinguishing Rhizomatophora (based on the samples collected in Calabria) from related genera (i.e., Peucedanum and Cervaria) of the Italian vascular flora are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Morphological characters distinguishing Rhizomatophora aegopodioides (Calabrian population) from related genera of the Italian flora. Morphological features of Peucedanum and Cervaria follow Stinca and Ricciardi (2018).

Morphological characters Rhizomatophora Peucedanum s.str. Cervaria s.str.
Height 70–120 cm 20–200 cm 20–150 cm
Leaves 2–3 ternatisect 2–6 ternate 2–3 pinnatisect
Leaves margin dentate-apiculate segments linear segments dentate-apiculate segments
Umbel rays (primary rays) 20–35, unequal, slender, minutely scabrous mainly on one side 4–50 9–35, pubescent-scabrous on internal side
Bracts 0, 3 or 6, lesiniform 0–6, lesiniform 4–15, linear, reflexed
Bracteoles erect, numerous, always present numerous reflexed, numerous
Petals white, largely ovate, swollen lobes white to yellow white
Petal apex erect, slightly emarginated curved towards the center of the flower (inflexed) curved towards the center of the flower (inflexed)
Mericarps 5 × 6.5–7 mm, glabrous, broadly winged (1.5–2 mm), elliptical or almost round 4–4.5 × 6.5–12 mm, winged (0.5–2 mm), elliptical or oblong 3–4.5 × 4–9 mm, winged (0.5–1.4 mm), elliptical or suborbicular
Dorsal ribs evident, filiform evident inconspicuous

Specimens examined

Italy. Calabria, Orsomarso (Cosenza), initial section of the Argentino River Valley (39°47'42.6"N, 15°55'18.0"E), esp. west, alt. 130–150 m. a.s.l., banks and surrounding wetlands, calcareous substr., 26 September 2016; S. Ballelli, R. Pennesi, E. Cunto s.n. (CAME); Calabria, Santa Maria del Cedro (Cosenza), along the middle section of the Abatemarco River (39°44'25.6"N, 15°52'04.6"E), 120–140 m. a.s.l., banks and surrounding wetlands, calcareous substr., 25 September 2016, S. Ballelli, R. Pennesi, E. Cunto s.n. (CAME); Greece. Greece, prope Bitolia Macedoniae, 06 August 1862, T.G. Orphanides 1017 (JE barcodes JE00000057 [digital photo!], JE00000058 [digital photo!]); prope Vodena Macedoniae, s.d., T.G. Orphanides 1017 (W No. 1889-0024958 [digital photo!]; Serbia. Jugozapadna: Priboj, Sjeverin (Sutjeska reka-klisura, dornji deo), 43°35.266'N, 19°22.225'E, stene, krecnjak, 400–450 m, 13 August 2008, Niketic M., Tomovic G. s.n. (BEOU No. 27989!); Prvriek, dist. Vranja, ad rivulos, G. Ilić s n. (BEO No. 16105!); Serbia austr. prope Wranja. G. Ilić s.n. (W No. 1895-0000240 [digital photo!]); Bulgaria. Bei Lowtsche, 4 July 1898, Urumoff s.n. (W No. 1926-0027189 [digital photo!]); Bosnia and Herzegovina. In glareosis calcareis faucis Prača, 570 m.; alt. 570 m, 20 July 1920, K. Malý s.n. (W No. 1961-0005131 [digital photo!]).

Conclusion

The discovery of Rhizomatophora aegopodioides in Italy is particularly relevant because it provides a contribution to the knowledge on its distribution at the European level. The genus Rhizomatophora is new for Italy, which hosts the richest vascular flora in Europe, and is second in the Mediterranean area only to Turkey (Bartolucci et al. 2021, 2022). The discovery of R. aegopodioides adds to the recent new acquisitions, for the Italian native vascular flora, of plants with an eastern range (e.g., Bartolucci and Conti 2016; Peruzzi 2016; Peruzzi et al. 2017; Wagensommer et al. 2017; Bartolucci et al. 2022; Conti and Bartolucci 2023), once again underlining the importance of floristic and taxonomic research from a conservationist perspective.

In our opinion, further field surveys are indispensable to define the effective distribution area and ecology of R. aegopodioides in Italy, and to understand the origin of these disjointed populations. Furthermore, it would be desirable to monitor the species in order to assess the conservation status of the population described here.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dmitar Lakušić and his staff at the Herbarium of Belgrade University (BEOU) and Marjan Niketić at the Herbarium of Belgrade Natural History Museum (BEO) for providing the herbarium specimens.

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