Global and regional IUCN red list assessments: 12

In this contribution, the conservation status assessment of two vascular plants according to IUCN categories and criteria are presented. It includes the assessment of Genista nuragica Bacch., Brullo & Giusso and Jacobaea incana (L.) Veldkamp at global level.

. Genista nuragica at Montarbu di Seui (CE Sardegna). Photograph by Gianluigi Bacchetta. Reproduction: no information on pollination, dispersal strategy and seed germination is available.
Habitat and ecology: Genista nuragica grows on Mesozoic limestones at an elevation of 1250-1310 m a.s.l., on windy ridges characterized by lithosoils and Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic bioclimate with a lower supramediterranean thermotype and lower humid ombrotype according to the Rivas-Martínez classification (Bacchetta et al. 2009). It is a member of orophilous dwarf shrub plant communities characterized by the occurrence of some endemic taxa, such as Anthyllis hermanniae L. subsp. ichnusae Brullo & Giusso, Helianthemum morisianum Bertol., and Sesleria barbaricina Arrigoni (Bacchetta et al. 2020).
Population information: There is no detailed information available on population dynamics. Preliminary observations indicate a stable population.
Threats: Despite the only known population consists of a reduced number of mature individuals growing in a small area, no significant or potential threats were observed for G. nuragica.
AOO: 8 km 2 calculated with GeoCAT software (Bachman et al. 2011  Criterion D: the population consists of about 100 mature plants but no signals of decline were observed.

Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment) NT Near Threatened
Rationale for the assessment: Genista nuragica is a plant narrow endemic to Sardegna currently occurring only in a small area at Montarbu (Seui); the unique population consists of a low number of mature plants. Although no significant threats were observed for this species, Genista nuragica could be affected in the near future by the effects of the ongoing climate change, such as extreme weather events, or the monitoring of population trends could prove the presence of a decline of this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) at global level with the expectation that it will qualify for Critically Endangered if monitoring indicates a decline or a plausible threat. Previous assessment: The taxon is not evaluated (NE) at the global level (IUCN 2021).
Conservation actions: Genista nuragica is not protected by international, national and regional laws. At present, there are no conservation measures for this species in Sardegna. The only known population grows in an area protected by a SCI ("Monti del Gennargentu" ITB021103) and a National Park "Parco Nazionale del Golfo di Orosei e del Gennargentu" established in 1998 by a Presidential Decree (D.P.R. 30 March 1998). In addition, the unique population area falls inside a site managed by the public forestry administration (Forestas Agency).
Conservation actions needed: Research activities and a monitoring programme are recommended in order to better understand the reproductive biology of the species and the population trend. Moreover, in situ and ex situ conservation actions should be designed for possible population reinforcement programmes, aimed at increasing the low number of individuals of the population.
A specific monitoring program would be important to prevent and evaluate the possible future threats (e.g., increasing grazing, human activities, or stochastic events), which could change the current conservation status of this plant.
Notes: Genista nuragica was described in a recent taxonomic revision of the taxa belonging to the Genista salzmannii DC. group of G. sect. Erinacoides Spach (Cytiseae, Fabaceae) occurring in Sardegna and Corsica. Within the species belonging to Genista salzmannii group, G. nuragica seems to be the most closely related to G. desoleana Vals., but several morphological features allow to distinguish these taxa. Furthermore, the two species have different ecological requirements, since G. nuragica is a calcicolous plant exclusively found on windy ridges, while G. desoleana is linked to siliceous volcanic substrates and grows on plateaux with developed soils at lower elevation never exceeding 1,000 m a.s.l. Habitat and ecology: Jacobaea incana grows in siliceous rocky outcrops, stony alpine meadows or moraines with an altitudinal range that varies from 1800 m to 2600 m a.s.l. (Schweingruber et al. 2020).
Population information: a single study based on long-term monitoring of the southernmost population at M. Prado (N-Apennines, Italy) shows that this J. incana population has been stable for about 20 years and number of flowering plants is slowly increasing (Abeli et al. 2012; TA personal observation).

Threats: 2.3.1 Livestock Farming & Ranching (nomadic grazing):
Livestock (sheep, goats) represent a threat for the southernmost population at M. Prado and probably for other population in the Alps. Livestock represents a direct threat through grazing and trampling and an indirect threat through soil nutrient enrichment due to droppings deposition.
6.1 Recreational activities: Human trampling during the tourist season involves a progressive reduction in the population viability, in fact J. incana cover and sexual reproduction reached the lowest values (Rossi et al. 2009). 11.2 Droughts & 11.3 Temperature extremes: Extremely dry and hot summers with a high average temperatures and low rainfall can reduce the reproductive performance of the species (Abeli et al. 2012). In particular, studies indicate an intensification of the damage in the sites where J. incana is affected by trampling unfavourable climatic conditions (Rossi et al. 2009).

CRITERIA APPLIED Criterion B:
AOO : 39,300 km 2 (calculated with a 10 × 10 km grid on occurrence data from GBIF. These data have been corrected according to the literature on the distribution of the species. The occurrences referred to other subspecies of J. incana have been removed; see notes).  which of the subspecies are represented in these accessions (BGCI PlantSearch 2021; https://tools.bgci.org/plant_search.php).
Conservation actions needed: To reduce the negative effect of human and livestock trampling, fences should be used. To balance the positive and negative effects of this conservation tool, it would be better to use temporary rather than permanent fences (Lorite et al. 2021) and monitoring the demographic trends of the populations in the following years. To increase the genetic diversity immediate ex situ conservation activities should be carried out, through seed collection and storage in seed banks. The taxonomy of the ex situ accessions available should be updated according to the recent splitting of the three subspecies of J. incana (L.) Veldkamp into as many species (see notes). Moreover, environmental education should be conducted in order to sensitise tourists to nature conservation with particular reference to threatened species.