Corresponding author: Naim Berisha (
Academic editor: S. Bogdanović
Four species of
Berisha N, Rizani KL, Kadriaj B, Millaku F (2021) Notes on the distribution, ecology, associated vegetation and conservation status of
As a result of various human activities in recent years, many plant species have become vulnerable, threatened or even extinct. In Kosovo, as in many other parts of Europe, increased agricultural and forestry activities, combined with a cessation of the traditional management of meadows, centralization of farming and expansion of urban areas has deprived many plant species from their natural habitats. The consequence of this being the confinement of once large plant populations to smaller areas, mainly in remote and fragile habitats.
Several studies have shown that habitat fragmentation and small, scattered plant populations adversely affect the genetic structure of a species (
The aim of different conservation programs nowadays is to preserve natural habitats and with it the existing level of genetic diversity, especially in the case of rare and endangered species (Ellstrand et al. 1993;
In the present study, the genus
According to available literature sources, herbarium specimens as well as based on our own field data, in Kosovo there are four native
In this context, it is important to briefly discuss the taxonomic position of the species
In total, 179 herbarium specimens (from the Herbarium of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina) as well as private herbarium collection of F. Rexhepi (41 specimens) – (see Appendix
Due to the fact that during the work for the Red Book, the main focus were certain natural habitats that were rich in endemic plants, some regions of the country remained poorly sampled. To compensate for this, we have conducted twenty-five additional expeditions (between 2014 and 2020) to those poorly explored areas, in order to be more confident that the presented data will allow for general conclusions about the investigated genus in Kosovo.
Plant samples were finally identified by F. Millaku, using identification keys and other relevant literature sources (
To establish the distribution of
To gain an overview of where the studied
Standard principles and methods of the Zürich-Montpellier school (
Based on diagnostic species, efforts have been made to offer a syntaxonomical classification of these relevés up to the level of Alliance. For this purpose,
Using data obtained from herbarium specimens, phytosociological relevés as well as from literature, we were able to analyze the following parameters: altitude preferences, a set of ecological values (nutrients, pH reaction, moisture, continentality, temperature and light) from accompanying species of plants, using Pignatti indicator values (
Known distribution of
Based on the studied herbarium specimens, data collected from field surveys as well as literature sources, the presence of four
Within these localities,
Based on the obtained data from 15 phytosociological relevés, general data on each species preferences were evident. In terms of species distribution at different elevations, it was ascertained that the studied species show a narrow distributional preference (Fig.
Elevational distribution of four
Concerning soil fertility and nutrients availability, it was established that all four
Boxplots representing the ecological preferences for nutrients, pH reaction, moisture, continentality, temperature and light–for four studied
Regarding general species richness of all plant communities of the four respective species (Fig.
Comparative data on species richness and richness in endemic taxa beween the plant communities of four
From 15 phytosociological relevés, after syntaxonomical analysis (relying on differential/characteristic species), it was noted that they belong to six different Classes (Appendix
Four relevés were made with
Four relevés were made with
Additional four relevés were made with plant communities of
Finally, a set of three relevés were made with plant communities where also
As expected, all four species of the genus
From this genus in Kosovo, undoubtedly one of the rarest and most fragile species is the Balkan endemic
Of the four relevés with
Of the four relevés with
All four relevés with
Of the three relevés with
In the context of the vegetation diversity assessment, from only 15 relevés it was noticeable a very diverse vegetation affiliation by these four species of
Commonly, all strategies for measuring biodiversity involve protecting a single species or several species of a given genus. Vegetation ecology contributes towards a better understanding of species indices of threats and a variety of interrelated paradigms in ecology (
Although all of the four investigated
From this point of view,
Due to the large number of associated endemic species and their importance, we suggest that
Like all members of the
Due to the fact that populations of
The data presented in this study can help in the decision-making processes of the relevant agencies to implement appropriate conservation programs as well as further research.
We are indebted to our colleague in the Department of Geography, Valbon Bytyqi (FNMS), for the help provided with the map. We are also very grateful to the late Ferat Rexhepi (FNMS) for providing us with additional data and also for sharing his private herbarium collections. In addition, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions helped to improve the original manuscript.
Phytosociological table of 15 relevès. Species of
Relevé syntaxonomic categories – (Class, Order and Alliance) | ALL: |
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ALL: |
ALL: Seslerio juncifoliae-Caricion firmae Trinajstić 2005 [Cl.: |
ALL: Seslerio juncifoliae-Caricion firmae Trinajstić 2005 [Cl.: |
ALL: Seslerio juncifoliae-Caricion firmae Trinajstić 2005 [Cl.: |
ALL: Seslerio juncifoliae-Caricion firmae Trinajstić 2005 [Cl.: |
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Number of relevé | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Plot area (m2) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Inclination in degree | 10 | 2 | 10 | 15 | 12 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
Exposition | W | SE | NW | S | SW | N | SE | NW | NW | N | NE | SE | SE | NE | N |
Altitude (m.a.s.l) | 1400 | 140 | 800 | 1510 | 1509 | 2234 | 1847 | 1622 | 2501 | 1836 | 2324 | 2142 | 1696 | 1758 | 1710 |
Covering (%) | 95 | 100 | 95 | 90 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 95 | 100 | 98 | 90 | 95 | 90 | 95 | 90 |
Substrate | Silicate | Limest. | Silicate | Limest. | Limest. | Limest. | Silicate | Limest. | Limest. | Limest. | Limest. | Limest. | Silicate | Silicate | Silicate |
Locality | Kopaonik | Ferizaj | Orllan | Brezovicë | Vracë | Jazhincë | Luboten | B. e Dobroshit | Maja e Zezë | Luboten | Kurvallë | Zhleb | Maja e Zezë | Maja e Zezë | Maja e Zezë |
Date | 04.07.2017 | 25.06.2017 | 30.06.2018 | 09.07.2018 | 21.06.2019 | 30.06.2019 | 15.07.2019 | 20.07.2020 | 30.06.2019 | 08.07.2019 | 14.07.2019 | 20.07.2019 | 15.06.2019 | 15.06.2019 | 15.06.2019 |
No. of species / relevé | 30 | 35 | 27 | 36 | 28 | 27 | 31 | 28 | 67 | 72 | 42 | 48 | 62 | 64 | 55 |
GPS Coordinates |
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List of localities based on studied herbarium specimens of
No. | Locality | Source data |
---|---|---|
1 | Bistër | G.o. = Berisha, N. (2019), G.c. = Berisha, N. (2011), G.f. = Berisha, N. (2014), G.n. = Rexhepi, F. (2004) |
2 | Brezovicë | G.f. = Rexhepi, F. (1980 |
3 | Jezerc | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004) |
4 | Luboten | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2011, 2017), G.c. = Berisha, N. (2011), G.f. = Berisha, N. (2013, 2015, 2018), Rexhepi, F. (1983 |
5 | Nerodime (E) | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004) |
6 | Përrojet e Durlës | G.f. = Rexhepi, F. (2013), Millaku, F. (2013), Berisha, N. (2014) |
7 | Piribreg | G.f. = Rexhepi, F. (1998 |
8 | Shtëpia e Malorëve | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2004), Berisha, N. (2014) |
9 | Tupan | G.c. = Berisha. N. (2011) |
10 | Vërtop | G.n. = Millaku, F. (2012) |
11 | Bishtazhin | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2007) |
12 | Bjeshka e Dobërdolit | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2006) |
13 | Bjeshka e Dobroshit | G.f. = Rexhepi, F. (2007) |
14 | Bjeshka e Junikut | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2013), G.c. = Millaku, F. (1991, 2007) |
15 | Bjeshka e Tropojës | G.f. = Millaku, F. (1988, 2013) |
16 | Gjeravicë | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2013), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2011) |
17 | Gryka e Lloqanit | G.f. = Berisha, N. (2014) |
18 | Junik | G.f. = Berisha, N. (2014) |
19 | Kurvallë | G.f. = Berisha, N. (2011) |
20 | Mirushë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2009), Rexhepi, F. (1983 |
21 | Morinë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2007) |
22 | Pllaçicë e Vokshit | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2012) |
23 | Bresanë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2003), Berisha, N. (2009) |
24 | Brod | G.n. = Millaku, F. (2000) |
25 | Carralevë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2004) |
26 | Divjakë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004) |
27 | Dragash | G.c. = Berisha, N. (2011) |
28 | Jazhincë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004), G.f. = Rexhepi, F. (2010), G.n. = Millaku, F. (2012) |
29 | Koritnik | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2002, 2009), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2012) |
30 | Liqenet e Durlës, Sharr | G.c. = Berisha, N. (2011), G.f. = Millaku, F. (2012) |
31 | Liqeni i Shutmanit, Brod | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2001) |
32 | Lubinjë e Ulët | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004) |
33 | Maja e Zezë | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2012), G.f. = Millaku, F. (2009) |
34 | Oshlak, Malet e Sharrit | G.n. = Millaku, F. (2011) |
35 | Pashtrik | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2007 |
36 | Planej | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1979, 2006) |
37 | Prevallë | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2007); G.c. = Berisha, N. (2012), G.n. = Millaku, F. (1998, 2012) |
38 | Rapçë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1988 |
39 | Restelicë | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2011), G.c. = Millaku, F. (1999, 2003), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2011), Millaku, F. (2011) |
40 | Syrinika | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2005) |
41 | Vracë | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2010), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2011) |
42 | Bjeshka e Isniqit | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2017) |
43 | Bjeshka e Istogut | G.c. = Millaku, F. (1994, 2006) |
44 | Bjeshka e Lumbardhit | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2011, 2019) |
45 | Bjeshka e Sudenicës | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2000, 2006) |
46 | Bogë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004, 2008), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2012) |
47 | Hajlë | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2008); G.n. = Berisha, N. (2014) |
48 | Koprivnik | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2014) |
49 | Kuqishtë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2006, 2008, 2011); G.n. = Millaku, F. (2008), |
50 | Leqinat | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2006), Berisha, N. (2018), G.f. = Millaku, F. (1997), Berisha, N. (2015), G.n. = Berisha, N. (2015, 2018) |
51 | Lumbardh | G.c. = Millaku, F. (1989, 2001) |
52 | Maja e Rusolisë | G.f. = Berisha, N. (2010, 2015), G.n. = Millaku, F. (2012) |
53 | Mali Mokna | G.f. = Millaku, F. (2013), Berisha, N. (2015), G.c. = Berisha, N. (2012) |
54 | Marijash | G.n. = Millaku, F. (2009) |
55 | Peklen | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2019) |
56 | Qafë e Bogiçës | G.f. = Berisha, N. (2012, 2015) |
57 | Radavc | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2001) |
58 | Rekë e Allagës | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1997 |
59 | Roshkodol | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2005) |
60 | Shtupeç | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2005) |
61 | Shushicë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2001) |
62 | Zajm | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2010) |
63 | Zhleb | G.n. = Millaku, F. (2001) |
64 | Bellobërdë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2005) |
65 | Bërzancë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1999 |
66 | Çirez | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2007) |
67 | Çubrel | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2005) |
68 | Druar | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1981) |
69 | Kaçandoll | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1988 |
70 | Kopaonik | G.n. = Rexhepi, F. (1979 |
71 | Oshtro Koplje | G.n. = Berisha, N. (2018) |
72 | Rakinicë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1987 |
73 | Rashan | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1989) |
74 | Runik | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2000 |
75 | Turiçec | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2005) |
76 | Vesekovc | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2009), Rexhepi, F. (1997 |
77 | Batllavë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2001) |
78 | Blinajë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2014) |
79 | Bradash | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2001) |
80 | Gërmi | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2000 |
81 | Golesh | G.c. = Berisha, N. (2016) |
82 | Koliç | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2000) |
83 | Busovatë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1999) |
84 | Gmicë | G.c. = Millaku, F. (2004) |
85 | Novobërdë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (1977, 1982 |
86 | Prallovë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2004) |
87 | Qarrak | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2001) |
88 | Smirë | G.c. = Rexhepi, F. (2001) |