Notulae to the Italian flora of algae , bryophytes , fungi and lichens : 2

In this contribution, new data concerning red algae, lichens and bryophytes of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algal genus Grateloupia, the bryophyte genus Didymodon, and the lichen genera Buellia, Cladonia, Letharia, Pertusaria, and Pyrenula.

-Naturalized alien species new for the flora of Abruzzo.
An exotic species with Indo-Pacific chorology, Grateloupia turuturu was originally widespread in the northwestern Pacific, especially in the Japanese seas (Yoshida 1998, Xia 2004).This seaweed later became sub-cosmopolitan after a number of accidental introductions, initially limited to shellfish farming areas, and later due to the spread of aquaculture of the Asian bivalve Crassostrea gigas Thunberg (Grizel and Héral 1991, Maggs and Stegenga 1999, Verlaque 2001, Ribera Siguan 2002, Wallentinus 2002, Schaffelke et al. 2006).Currently Grateloupia turuturu occurs along the coasts of Japan, China, Korea, the Russian Far East, along the US Pacific coast, especially in California (Aguilar-Rosas et al. 2010, Miller 2012), along the American Atlantic coast (Villalard-Bohnsack andHarlin 1997, Mathieson et al. 2008), along the Atlantic coast of Africa from Namibia to Mauritania, in New Zealand, and in Tasmania (D'Archino et al. 2007).In Europe, this species has been reported since the 1980s along the Atlantic coast and is currently distributed in the Netherlands, Portugal, and the British Isles (Simon-Colin et al. 2001, Araújo et al. 2003, Bárbara and Cremades 2004, Hardy and Guiry 2003, De Clerck et al. 2005, Verlaque et al. 2005, Figueroa et al. 2007).On the French Mediterranean coast, it appeared in 1982 in the Thau lagoon (Riouall et al. 1985).The first report for Italy was for the Venice lagoon (Solazzi et al. 1991(Solazzi et al. -1994)), where this species was reported as G. doryphora (Montagne) M.Howe.Later, in 2007, G. turuturu was found in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Cecere et al. 2011) and in the harbour of Ancona (Falace et al. 2010).
Monitoring activities carried out in the San Vito Chietino coast and in the surroundings highlighted that G. turuturu is common and settles both on natural hard substrata (conglomerate) and on artificial ones (limestone blocks) used to build breakwater reefs.As regards its vertical distribution, it occurs in the higher part of the infralittoral, even in areas affected by intense hydrodynamics.In sheltered areas where hydrodynamics are low, thalli are large, exceeding one meter in length; in such areas, it represents the macroalgal species reaching the largest dimensions.Thalli are evident and well developed until May.After, they tend to degenerate and disappear, and during the summer only the encrusting basal part of thalli survives, although scarcely visible and often masked by other macroalgal species with different phenology, such as Ulva rigida C.Agardh and Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot subsp.fragile, the latter being an alien species too.Only in some rocky jags at low light intensity, but still affected by intense hydrodynamics, thalli persist throughout the summer.
Until now, the presence of G. turuturu in Italy has been reported only for lagoons and harbour areas.This points to the fact that this species colonizes coastal areas, where the presence of breakwater reefs parallel and perpendicular to the coast alter the circulation and trophic condition of coastal waters, allowing the appearance of harbour-like biotic communities.Didymodon sinuosus was found in the calcareous "Tacchi" of Seui in the cortex of a mixed forest of Quercus ilex L. and Ostrya carpinifolia located at the foot of a crag on the northern slope of Monte Tonneri.Exposure to the north and shading by the crag create a special microclimate.Didymodon sinuosus usually grows on damp, shady basic rocks nearby streams and rivers and in sheltered habitats on walls and old buildings, among tree roots in woodlands and lowlands (Smith 2004) Ros et al. (2007Ros et al. ( , 2013) ) for nomenclature.This species is common in the central-southern part of Italy (Aleffi et al. 2008).It is of phytogeographical interest, since it is at risk in several countries.In Europe, it is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Austria, Rumania and Sweden, and Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015).
Didymodon insulanus was found on the "Calcarenite di Gravina" wall, a type of limestone with which houses were built.It is a Eurasian southern-temperate species (Smith 2004).This finding, 100 years after the first reports (Zodda 1909(Zodda , 1913)), is the first record for the "Sassi" of Matera (Aleffi et al. 2008).Didymodon insulanus shares the same habitat as Didymodon fallax (Hedw.)R.H.Zander and is also very common.It is usually dull green and forms lax tufts or turfs on the ground.It has much longer, narrower leaves than D. fallax, recurved along most of their length.In Europe, it is considered Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland and Estonia, Regionally Extinct (RE) in It is a crustose epilithic lichen, generally growing on perpendicular and overhanging rain-exposed parts of siliceous boulders (Scheidegger 1993), so far reported chiefly in N Italy (Nimis 2016).Gheza (Herb. Gheza); Livigno (Sondrio), surroundings of the artificial lake on soil inside a bush of Pinus mugo Turra (UTM WGS84: 32T 589565.5160342),about 1840 m, 18 September 2012, G. Gheza (Herb. Gheza).-Species confirmed for the flora of Lombardia.
Historical records of C. cariosa from both Piemonte and Lombardy refer almost exclusively to montane and alpine localities (Nimis 1993, Nimis andMartellos 2008); only Nocca and Balbis (1816) reported it for the Po Plain, in fields near Pavia ("in campis sterilibus prope Papiam"), while Re (1825) reported it for the Parco della Mandria near Torino, but both these records have not been confirmed in recent times.The new records reported here are, therefore, an important confirmation of the persistence of C. cariosa in planitial northeastern Italy after almost two centuries.In Piemonte, Baglietto and Carestia (1867, 1880) reported the species along the gravels of the Sesia river near Riva.The record from Greggio, in the Sesia riverbed, comes from a similar context, though having different substrate, altitude, and climate; transport by the river could be plausible, since the species was not found in other nearby lichen-rich sites placed above the level of the riverbed.Baglietto (1863) recorded it also on peaty soil at the Sempione Pass.In Lombardy, the most recent record is by Rivellini and Valcuvia Passadore (1996) for the Province of Sondrio, while all the others are antecedent to the 1940s.Cladonia cariosa is a circumboreal species with a wide distribution, typically on mineral (from sandy to gravelly) soils with low acid to base reaction, in more or less disturbed sites.It can form wide monospecific mats extending for up to several square metres.
The distribution of Cladonia incrassata in Italy is poorly known, with rather old records.It was reported until now only in Lombardia, Piemonte, Toscana, and Calabria (Nimis 2016).In Lombardia, it has not been recorded for over a century: Rivellini and Valcuvia Passadore (1996) reported a very generic record by Jatta (1909Jatta ( -1911) ) for the Province of Sondrio, while Anzi (1866) reported the species in the Province of Como on Mount Capiago.In Piemonte, aside from a historical record by Baglietto (1863) for Mergozzo, a recent record comes from the Conca di Oropa (Isocrono et al. 2006).Rather recent records are those from Tereglio, in Toscana (Nimis 1993) and from Monte Gariglione in Calabria (Puntillo 1996).Cladonia incrassata has a suboceanic affinity and its ecological optimum is found on rotting wood and humus-rich soil; rarely it is also found on bark at the base of old trees.In the new site reported here, the species was found on a single rotting trunk of an old chestnut tree together with C. digitata (L.) Hoffm.and C. squamosa Hoffm.Rotting chestnut wood is the same substrate recorded by Baglietto (1863), Anzi (1866) and Coppins (Nimis 1993).Due the very scarce records and the specific ecological requirements, the species is considered extremely rare in Italy, where it has been found since now only in the submediterranean and montane belts (Nimis and Martellos 2008).
Cladonia peziziformis is considered rare in Europe (Wirth et al. 2013), even though it has a wide distribution, reaching as far as the southern hemisphere (Nimis 1993).In Italy, it was known until now for only four localities, all in Liguria, and not confirmed after the 1960s (Valcuvia Passadore and Vittadini Zorzoli 1982), although Nimis (2016) stated that the species has probably been overlooked in Italy so far.Jatta (1909Jatta ( -1911) ) also reported this species, but only very generically for "peaty soil in the Alps".All the records reported here come from disturbed stands.Well-developed monospecific mats several square metres wide, occur only in two stands: on the sandy-pebbly riverbed of the Sesia -encroached by the allochtonous grass Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.)Nees -and a dry grassland developed on a dirt road close to an abandoned quarry.In both sites, vascular vegetation belongs to the Thero-Airion Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957.Few underdeveloped thalli were found in the other sites, all located in more or less degraded heathlands or along their edges.In the "Vauda" of San Francesco al Campo heathland, the species was found in a site regularly managed with prescribed fire, a situation similar to that described for Norway (Tønsberg and Øvstedal 1995) where the species was reported as one of the first colonizers after a fire.In the other heathlands, grass and moss-encroachment have been found to overcome C. peziziformis, which is an uncompetitive species (Tønsberg and Øvstedal 1995).
-Species confirmed for the flora of Piemonte.
In the Po Plain, Cladonia portentosa has been recorded formerly only in recent years in the Valle del Ticino Piemontese Natural Park (Gheza 2015) and in the inland sand dunes of Lomellina in Lombardia (Gheza 2015, Gheza et al. 2015).All the formerly known sites are located west of the Ticino river.Those located in the fluvial valley of Ticino, more similar to the two reported here for habitat physiognomy and substrate characteristics, are more northern than that from Cerano, while those found in inland dunes are found at lower altitudes and are more southern.The stand in Cerano is located in a wide clearing in a mixed deciduous wood hosting a dry grassland referable to the Thero-Airion Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957, in which lichen and moss cover is relevant.Here, C. portentosa is never dominant in lichen vegetation, but is found in an evolved stage of the Cladonietum foliaceae Klement 1953 emend.Drehwald 1993 dominated by Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm.(see Gheza et al. 2016).This is the only site in the Po Plain in which the species is found in plant communities of the Thero-Airion and not of the Corynephorion canescentis Klika 1931.The stand in Greggio is more similar to the others: the species is found in a grassland referable to the Spergulo-Corynephoretum canescentis (R. Tx. 1928) Libbert 1933.This vegetation is threatened because of the ongoing invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)Swingle, which is likely to compromise the conservation of the entire habitat already in the short term.All the other records of C. portentosa in Piemonte, except those reported above for the Po Plain, refer to montane and alpine sites (Nimis 1993(Nimis , 2016)).
In northern Italy, this species with circumboreal-montane distribution is generally found in montane areas with continental climate, where it finds its ecological optimum in woods of L. decidua or Pinus cembra L.; it is widespread mainly in the inner part of the Alps (Nimis and Martellos 2008).Three thalli of L. vulpina were found on two larch trunks at the edge of a sparse larch wood in the Lombardia stand reported here.This record is interesting because, even if the species is rather common in subalpine coniferous woods in the central Alps, it has never been reported for the Prealps of Lombardia; all the records available for this region refer to inner alpine valleys (see literature cited in Nimis and Martellos 2008).
Also in Liguria, only three thalli were found, on three different trunks.This nonetheless represents an important confirmation of the presence of L. vulpina, because all the former records are old and rather vague reporting the species for generic highaltitude woods in the Ligurian Apennines (De Notaris 1846, 1847, Jatta 1909-1911), except for Baglietto (1858), who reports a specimen collected by prof.Balsamo in the Apennines of Bobbio.This species seems to be less rare in the Alps than in the Apennines (Nimis 2016).M. misella differs from the similar and more common M. denigrata (Fr.)Hedl. in that spores are mostly simple, never curved, paraphyses up to a maximum of 1 µm wide, and that it has a negative reaction to hypochlorite.
It is a crustose lichen, with large (up to 10 cm) circular thallus, rather thick and areolate, pale to dark grey, with a warted surface, often rich in rounded soralia.The thallus is characterized by a dull brown K + (10% potassium hydroxide) reaction and yellow/reddish P + (Paraphenylenediamine) yellow/reddish P + reaction (Wirth et al. 2013).A recent review of the material stored in the Italian herbaria allowed us to describe the distribution of this species on a nationwide scale (Craighero 2010, Nimis 2016).This species is a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic epiphytic lichen, typical of trees with a smooth bark e.g.Fraxinus sp.pl.(Nimis 2016); it has a suboceanic affinity and lives in non-eutrophic sites.It was found in its typical habitat represented by a strip of a deciduous forest along a river incision.Pyrenula chlorospila is mainly Tyrrhenian, and it is considered extremely rare along the Adriatic coast where it has been found, so far, only in Puglia (Nimis 2016).