Floristic records
ALGAE
Chara globata Mig. (Characeae)
+ ITALIA (LOM): Torbiere del Sebino Nature Reserve, Iseo (Brescia), (UTM WGS84: 32T 579292.5056832), Lake, 182 m, 12 August 2025, leg. G. Patera, M. Dalle Fratte det. R. Romanov, G. Patera (HBBS). – Species new for the flora of Italy (Lombardia).
Chara globata is a perennial species forming dense submerged meadows in permanent water bodies. It typically develops on fine muddy sediments in neutral to alkaline waters, under oligo- to meso-eutrophic conditions, from freshwater to slightly brackish environments (Romanov and Blindow 2024). This species is currently assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the European Red List of Charophytes (Romanov and Blindow 2024). In Europe, it is known from Croatia, northern Macedonia, Romania, Ukraine and Russia (Romanov and Blindow 2024). The present record represents the first documented occurrence of C. globata in western Europe, significantly extending its known distribution range.
In Lake Iseo, this species was recorded at depths of 3–4 m in meso-eutrophic waters over fine mineral sediments, forming dense stands associated with Chara globularis Thuill. and Najas major All., referable to the alliance Charion intermediae Sauer, 1937.
G. Patera, R. Romanov, M. Dalle Fratte
Closterium aciculare T.West (Desmidiaceae)
+ CAL: Motta San Giovanni (Reggio Calabria), (UTM WGS84: 33S 563743.4207643), on the sediment inside an irrigation tank, 710 m, 10 January 2026, F. D’Aleo (REGGIO). – Species new for the flora of Calabria.
Inside the tank, there is abundant vegetation of Chara vulgaris L. Closterium aciculare is a very tolerant species that adapts well to eutrophic waters. It is very similar to C. pronum Brébisson, from which it can be distinguished by its larger size and slightly curved apices. This species has been reported in Italy in Abdelahad et al. (2003), but they did not record it in Calabria, therefore this represents the first report for the region.
F. D’Aleo, R. Bonanno, C.M. Musarella
Closterium dianae Ehrenberg ex Ralfs (Desmidiaceae)
+ CAL: Mire close to Sorgente Nunzio, Oppido Mamertina (Reggio Calabria), (UTM WGS84: 33S 589146.4234208), 1061 m, within a Sphagnum carpet (S. subsecundum Nees ex Sturm), 6 November 2025, F. D’Aleo (REGGIO). – Species new for the flora of Calabria.
This species is characterized by an evenly curved, graceful cell. The cell apex in C. dianae is obliquely truncate with a distinct end-pore. This species has been reported in Italy by Abdelahad et al. (2003), but they did not record it in Calabria.
F. D’Aleo, C.M. Musarella, R. Bonanno
Closterium karnakense Coesel (Desmidiaceae)
+ ITALIA (CAL): Macellari (Reggio Calabria) (UTM WGS84: 33S 559556.4210134), on the sediment inside an irrigation tank, 103 m, 8 December 2025, F. D’Aleo (REGGIO). – Species new for the flora of Italy (Calabria).
Inside the tank, there is an abundant vegetation of Chara vulgaris L. The water parameters are shifted towards alkalinity, with a high concentration of dissolved salts that bring the conductivity value to 780 S/cm. Closterium karnakense closely resembles C. dianae: both cells are slightly curved with a small ventral swelling. Closterium karnakense, however, lacks the end-pore and is characterized by a chloroplast that appears folded, leaving the cell extremities empty. It is widespread in environments with a high concentration of dissolved salts. This species was described in a salty lake in Egypt by Coesel (2003); in Italy, it has never been reported in scientific publications, therefore this represents the first report.
F. D’Aleo, R. Bonanno, C.M. Musarella
Ulva capillata Steinhagen (Ulvaceae)
+ ITALIA (VEN): Venice Lagoon, Lido (Venezia) (UTM WGS 84: 33T 291655.5027635), hard substrate at the edges of the canal, intertidal zone between 0.2 and 1 m depth, 17 May 2019, S. Armeli Minicante (ISMAR). – Species new for the flora of Italy (Veneto).
Ulva capillata is currently known in Europe only from Denmark, Norway, Sweden (Steinhagen et al. 2022), Netherlands and Belgium (van der Loos et al. 2025). The tubular and filigree thalli were found as dense mats attached on hard substrate (e.g., on stones or mussel shells). The specimen was initially deposited in the herbarium as Ulva sp. By a recent comparison, the tufA sequence of the SAM1166 voucher (GB: OR734320) 100% matches with the Ulva capillata holotype (GB: OL421407). The present record represents the first finding for Veneto and, more broadly, a new record for Italy and the Mediterranean Basin.
S. Armeli Minicante
BRYOPHYTES
Buxbaumia viridis (DC.) Moug. & Nestl. (Buxbaumiaceae)
+ BAS: Cozzo Ferriero, Rotonda (Potenza) (UTM WGS84: 33S 593598.4417817), on wood, 1791 m, 13 July 2025, D. Puntillo (CLU No. 4569). – Species new for the flora of Basilicata.
Buxbaumia viridis is a small epixylic moss; it grows on logs in an advanced state of decay, in microclimatic conditions with high atmospheric humidity, dim light and well protected from wind. It is an ephemeral and fugitive species (Puntillo and Puntillo 2024). Currently, it is recorded in Valle d’Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Trentino Alto-Adige/Südtirol, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Abruzzo, Campania, and Calabria, with old records for Emilia-Romagna, Veneto and Toscana (Aleffi et al. 2023). The Lucanian specimen was collected in a protected old-growth forest with a long ecological continuity. Due to its rarity the species is protected in Europe (Annex I of the Bern Convention, Annex II of the “Habitat-Fauna-Flora” directive). In the recent Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024) it has been considered as Near Threatened (NT).
D. Puntillo
Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. (Leucobryaceae)
+ FVG: Lignano Riviera (Udine), east of Viale delle Arti, on the damp sand under a bush (UTM WGS84: 33T 351407.5057504), 1–2 m a.s.l., 31 January 2026, A. Boemo, F. Sguazzin, M. Aleffi (Bryophythorum Herbarium MFSN). – Invasive alien species new for the flora of Friuli Venezia Giulia.
Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. is the most widespread invasive moss species in Europe. Originating from the southern hemisphere, the species behaves like a pioneer species and, out of Europe, it is present in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and South America. According to Frahm and Frey (2004)C. introflexus was imported into England in 1941 and spread from there throughout most of Western Europe, invading various anthropogenic habitats in Central Europe. The first record of C. introflexus in Italy dates back to 1956 in the Villa Maria Park in Ischia (Reimers 1956), probably imported with the exotic plants introduced and cultivated in the park. Since then, the species has spread to 13 administrative regions. This species can be found on sand and peat soils, rotting logs, and woody lands (Cortini Pedrotti 2001; Brugués and Guerra 2015).
M. Aleffi, A. Boemo, F. Sguazzin
Crossidium crassinervium (De Not.) Jur (Pottiaceae)
+ SAR: Via Faro, Capo S. Elia, Cagliari (CA) (UTM WGS84: 32T 512792. 4337908), limestone grit on a dirt road, 49 m, 25 February 2025, L. Cancellieri, L. Rosati (CAG). – Species confirmed for the flora of Sardegna.
This species was first reported in Sardegna by G. De Notaris in 1838 (Cano et al. 1993) in the hills surrounding Cagliari. It was found in an area characterized by open sclerophyllous vegetation. The species is often found on semi-consolidated sands, and sometimes also on sea-facing cliffs.
A. Cogoni, L. Cancellieri
Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D.Mohr (Cryphaeaceae)
+ UMB: Strada di Sacco, Amelia (TR) (UTM WGS84: 33T 290003. 4709350), on dead wood of Populus alba L., 170 m, 25 April 2025, L. Cancellieri (CAG; UTV B_000431). – Species new for the flora of Umbria.
In the recent Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024), C. heteromalla was considered as Least Concern (LC). It is an epiphytic species, found on the bark of a very moist fallen branch of dead Populus alba, lying on the ground along a fast-flowing stream in a forested environment.
L. Cancellieri
Dicranella howei Renauld & Cardot (Dicranellaceae)
+ TAA: Pomarolo, small road in the Orno-Ostryeto between Nomi and Castel Barco (Trento) (UTM WGS84: 32T 659672.5088357), on fine limestone debris, 320 m, 8 February 2026, F. Prosser (ROV 08830). – Species confirmed for the flora of Trentino-Alto Adige.
The leaves show undelimited nerve, a partially bistratose lamina and a plane margin; the exothecium cells have thickened vertical and transverse walls. In Trentino-Alto Adige/Sūdtirol, Dicranella howei was reported for Bressanone/Brixen by Sarnthein and for S. Candido/Innichen by Gander (Dalla Torre and Sarnthein 1904) as D. varia var. β tenuifolia (Bruch.) Schimp., considered almost certainly synonymous with D. howei by Crundwell and Nyholms (1977). However, both sites are perhaps at the limit of the ecological requirements of D. howei, a basophilic and thermophilic species, the former because it is acidic and the latter because it is cold.
F. Prosser
Dicranum muehlenbeckii Bruch & Schimp. (Dicranaceae)
+ VDA: La Thuile Valley, Colle del Piccolo San Bernardo (La Thuile – Aosta) (UTM WGS84: 32T 336555.5061919), 2250 m, snow-bed, 23 July 2022, S. Scortegagna (MNAV). – Species new for the flora of Valle d’Aosta.
Dicranum muehlenbeckii is a rare species, recorded in all Alpine regions except the Valle d’Aosta, but not recently confirmed in Lombardia (Aleffi et al. 2023). In France, it has recently been reported in the neighbouring department of Savoie, as well as in all departments bordering Italy (Celle et al. 2024). A small population of this species was recorded in a snow-bed incised in carbonaceous schist. In the Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024) it is listed as threatened (EN).
S. Scortegagna
Flexitrichum flexicaule (Schwägr.) Ignatov & Fedosov (Flexitrichaceae)
+LIG: Castell’Ermo, Vendone (Savona) (UTM WGS84: 32T 424242.4883092), in a stony calcareous montane grassland dominated by Sesleria caerulea subsp. caerulea, 1330 m, 24 May 2023, leg. I. Briozzo, D. Casalino, det. E. S. Rodi (GDOR). – Species confirmed for the flora of Liguria.
Flexitrichum flexicaule is a calcicolous moss that grows on calcareous substrates, typically on rock or on soil over rock, in dry and exposed habitats, from low to high elevations. It usually forms dense green to brownish green tufts, with stiff and often sinuous leaves. In Italy it is reported from all administrative regions; however, in Liguria and Calabria it is known only from records published before 1968 (Aleffi et al. 2023). For Liguria, the only historical record comes from Colle di Tenda near Nice, a locality formerly attributed to Liguria but now lying on the border between France and Piemonte (Piccone 1863). This record confirms the species for Liguria within the current regional borders more than 160 years after the only historical report.
I. Briozzo, D. Casalino, E. S. Rodi
Flexitrichum gracile (Mitt.) Ignatov & Fedosov (Flexitrichaceae)
+LIG: Monte Carmo di Loano, Giustenice (Savona) (UTM WGS84: 32T 435113.4892231), in an Ostrya carpinifolia woodland clearing on a Sesleria caerulea subsp. caerulea-dominated rocky grassland, 1235 m, 2 June 2023, leg. I. Briozzo, C. Bonifazio, det. E.S. Rodi. – Species confirmed for the flora of Liguria.
Flexitrichum gracile is a calcicolous moss typical of dry, base-rich substrates, often forming light green cushions and tufts in calcareous grasslands and on limestone-derived gravelly ground. Its long leaves taper to a finely drawn-out, channelled tip with an excurrent costa, becoming distinctly wavy when dry. In Italy, it is mainly reported from northern regions and is lacking from many central and southern ones (Aleffi et al. 2023).
I. Briozzo, C. Bonifazio, E. S. Rodi
Geheebia gigantea (Funck) Boulay (Pottiaceae)
+ FVG: Carnic Alps, Rio Mulino/Mühlbach, Sappada (Udine) (UTM WGS84: 33T 322753.515986), 1300 m, green tuffite, 20 July 2014, S. Scortegagna (MNAV). – Species new for the flora of Friuli Venezia Giulia.
In Italy, this species has been reported from Piemonte to Veneto, but without recent confirmation in Lombardia (Aleffi et al. 2023). In the Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024), this species is listed as endangered (EN).
S. Scortegagna
Grimmia orbicularis Bruch ex Wilson (Grimmiaceae)
+LIG: Monte Grai, Pigna (Imperia) (UTM WGS84: 32T 393662.4872039), in an alpine grassland on calcareous rock within a wet depression, 1690 m, 31 May 2023, leg. I. Briozzo, det. E.S. Rodi (GDOR). – Species confirmed for the flora of Liguria.
Grimmia orbicularis is a thermophilous species occurring on base-rich rocky substrates, especially limestone, typically in open and well-exposed sites. It forms grey-whitish cushions on rock surfaces and is characterized by single-layered leaf margins. In Liguria, the species is known only from records published before 1968 (Aleffi et al. 2023). Piccone (1863) reported it on sunny walls and cliffs, while Jäggli (1938) recorded it on shaded walls in Sanremo (Imperia). This record confirms the species for Liguria within the current regional borders more than 80 years after the last record.
I. Briozzo, E. S. Rodi
Lewinskya striata (Hedw.) F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet (Orthotrichaceae)
+ VDA: Valdigne, Pré-St.-Didier Gorge, Pré-St.-Didier (Aosta) (UTM WGS84: 32T 343367.506958), 1080 m, Juglans regia bark, 20 July 2022, S. Scortegagna (MNAV). – Species new for the flora of the Valle d’Aosta.
A population of this species was observed on the bark of a walnut tree in the area in front of the tourist entrance to the gorge. In the recent Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024) it has been considered as Least Concern (LC).
S. Scortegagna
Ptychostomum rubens (Mitt.) Holyoak & N.Pedersen (Bryaceae)
+ EMR: Romagna coast, Lido di Classe (Ravenna) (UTM WGS84: 33T 287828.4910778), 1 m, sandy coastal ruderal environment, 23 May 2019, S. Scortegagna (MNAV). Species new for the flora of Emilia-Romagna.
Within the Bryum erythrocarpum group, this species is easily recognizable by its characteristic rhizoidal tubers, relatively large in size and with a smooth, red surface. In the recent Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024) it has been considered as Least Concern (LC).
S. Scortegagna
Riccia huebeneriana Lindenb. (Ricciaceae)
+ CAL: Lorica, Sila Grande (Cosenza) (UTM WGS84: 33S 629819.4345382), on soil, 1287 m, 16 August 2025, D. Puntillo (CLU 4570, 4571, 4572). – Species new for the flora of Calabria.
Riccia huebeneriana is fairly widespread across Europe and is classified as LC (Hodgetts and Lockard 2020). In Italy, recent records are limited to Lombardia and Trentino-Alto Adige, whilst records prior to 1968 also indicate its presence in Emilia-Romagna and Toscana (Aleffi et al. 2023). At national level, in the Italian Red List (Puglisi et al. 2023), it is classified as Endangered (EN). Currently, the Calabrian site is the southernmost in Europe.
A. Cogoni, D. Puntillo
Schistidium crassipilum H.H.Blom (Grimmiaceae)
+ MOL: Giardino della Flora Appenninica Capracotta, SP84 dir, Capracotta (Isernia) (UTM WGS84: 33T 440028.4632768), on shady limestone, 1532 m, 17 August 2025, D. Cos, G. Gavarro (CAG; UTV B_000430). – Species new for the flora of Molise.
Schistidium crassipilum belongs to Schistidium apocarpum complex (Guerra et al. 2021) and is distributed throughout most of Italy. The specimen is differentiated within the group by the peristome teeth with few perforations in the upper part, not arranged in parallel lines and by the brownish-oily colour. In the recent Italian Red List by Puglisi et al. (2024), this species has been classified as Least Concern (LC). It was found growing on a cluster of limestone rocks within an artificial Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold plantation.
D. Cos, G. Gavarro
Taxiphyllum wissgrillii (Garov.) Wijk & Margad. (Taxiphyllaceae)
+ SAR: Su Marmuri cave, Ulassai Municipality, Province of Nuoro (UTM WGS84: 32T 541670.4407381), 860 m, 14 July 2025. Leg. G. Silvano & M. Cantonati, det. D. Spitale (BOLO). Species new for the flora of Sardegna.
Taxiphyllum wissgrillii can be readily overlooked due to its resemblance to several other species. Superficially, it resembles species of Plagiothecium, but the leaves are not decurrent along the stem. According to Aleffi et al. (2023), Taxiphyllum wissgrillii is present mainly in northern Italy, with a single occurrence in Molise. The finding of Taxiphyllum wissgrillii at the entrance of the Su Marmuri cave is consistent with its ecology, as it prefers calcareous rocks, cool and moderately wet conditions with minimum light supply (Dierßen, 2001). The cave entrance is characterised by a collapsed doline which has uncovered a large natural tunnel almost 40 m deep. Close to the entrance two freshwater lakes are present, in the vicinity more than 10,000 bats hibernate. Viable fragments of Taxiphyllum wissgrillii may have been dispersed by bats, as shown for other species (Parsons et al. 2007).
D. Spitale, G. Silvano, M. Cantonati
FUNGI
Clavaria falcata Pers. (Clavariaceae)
+ CAL: Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria, Rende (Cosenza), on the ground among grass in an open space (UTM WGS84: 33S 605914.4357393), 200 m, 2 December 2025, N.G. Passalacqua, A.B. De Giuseppe, G. Sicoli (CLU No. F347). – Species new to Calabria.
Two distinct but gregarious clavate basidiomes were found standing among herbaceous plants in a clearing of a mixed deciduous tree stand inside the Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria. This fungus has been so far detected in northern and central Italy, but not yet in Calabria (Onofri et al. 2013).
N.G. Passalacqua, A.B. De Giuseppe, G. Sicoli
Inocybe griseolilacina J.E.Lange (Inocybaceae)
+ CAL: Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria, Rende (Cosenza), on the ground under the crown of a Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) tree (UTM WGS84: 33S 605775.4357229), 210 m, 7 November 2025, G. Sicoli, A.B. De Giuseppe, N.G. Passalacqua (CLU No. F346). – Species new to Calabria.
A group of single basidiomes were detected on the ground among the dead leaves of a Downy oak tree inside the Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria. In Italy this species seems to be widespread especially in northern and, partially, in central administrative regions, but apparently not yet in the southern part of Italy (Onofri et al. 2013).
G. Sicoli, A.B. De Giuseppe, N.G. Passalacqua
Lepiota grangei (Eyre) Kühner (Agaricaceae)
+ CAL: Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria, Rende (Cosenza), on the ground between the crowns of a Quercus trojana L. and a Cupressus sempervirens L. trees (UTM WGS84: 33S 605853.4357420), 200 m, 10 November 2025, G. Sicoli, A.B. De Giuseppe, N.G. Passalacqua (CLU No. F348). – Species new to Calabria.
A group of four distinct agaricaceous basidiomata was found on the ground in the litter between two planted trees, a deciduous oak tree (Quercus trojana) and a common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). So far, L. grangei has been reported mainly in northern Italy, and only in the Puglia region in the south of the country (Onofri et al. 2013).
G. Sicoli, A.B. De Giuseppe, N.G. Passalacqua
Phacopsis lethariellae Hafellner & Rambold (Parmeliaceae)
+ BAS: Parco del Pollino, comune Rotonda, Faggeta di Cozzo Ferriero (Potenza) (33S 593589.4417747), on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L., on Lethariella intricata (Moris) Krog, 1773 m, 30 July 2025, leg. G. Potenza & F. Repullone, det. W. v. Brackel (1107 HLUC, herb. Brackel 9239). – Comune Abriola, Bosco di Serranetta (Potenza) (33S 569384.4490843), on the bark of Quercus cerris L., on Lethariella intricata (Moris) Krog, 1400 m, 15 July 2025, G. Potenza (809 HLUC). Species new to Basilicata.
Phacopsis lethariellae is a very rare species, restricted to the host lichen Lethariella intricata. Apart from another Italian locality in Calabria (Puntillo 2011), it is known only from the Canary Islands and from Montenegro (Triebel et al. 1995; Santesson 1998; Strasser 2012). The host lichen, Lethariella intricata, hast a quite restricted areal, comprising the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean including the Black Sea and a small area in Southeast Asia, growing on siliceous rocks and acid bark. Phacopsis lethariellae is easy to discover and identify already in the field due to the blackberry- or mulberry-like big black galls that are induced on the whitish or grey thallus of the host, up to twice as wide as the host’s branches. In the specimen from Faggeta di Cozzo Ferriero the species was hyperparasitised by the common Lichenoconium erodens M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw.
G. Potenza, W. v. Brackel
Phloeomana speirea (Fr.) Redhead (Porotheleaceae)
+ LIG: Monte Beigua, Sassello (Savona) (UTM WGS84: 32T 467061.4920748), on woody debris in hygrophilous environment (Fagus sylvatica L., Corylus avellana L. and Salix alba L.), 977 m, 24 June 2018, F. Boccardo (GDOR4332). – Species new to Liguria.
Morphologically, our Ligurian collection fits well with the description of P. speirea reported in the literature (Aronsen and Læssøe 2016). The newly nrITS sequence of the GDOR4332 voucher (GB: PX957573) shares 99.7% to 99.1% identity with numerous European deposited sequences of P. speirea, confirming the morphological identification. Phloeomana speirea was already recorded in Italy for Abruzzo, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Piemonte, Toscana, and Veneto (Onofri et al. 2013), and our collection represents the first record of this species in Liguria with molecular confirmation.
F. Boccardo, F. Dovana
Tremella cetrariicola Diederich & Coppins (Tremellaceae)
+ FVG: eastern Alps, Carnic Alps, Monte Tinisa W of Ampezzo, a short distance N below the saddle Forca di Montof (Le Forcelle) (Udine) (UTM WGS84: 33T 323365.5143219), c. 1750 m, open coniferous forest, on branches of Larix decidua Mill., on thallus of Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale, 19 August 1994, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH76946) [label in German]. – Species new to Friuli Venezia Giulia.
+ TAA: eastern Alps, Dolomiti, Val di Fassa, Val di Contrin SE of Alba, a short distance below Rifugio Contrin (Trento) (UTM WGS84: 32T 715967.5145881), c. 1900 m, mixed coniferous forest, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of T. chlorophylla, 10 April 1982, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH11190) [label in German]; Eastern Alps, Southern Rhaetian Alps, Ortler-group (Stelvio group), Sulden, Swiss stone pine forest above of the village (Bolzano - Südtirol) (UTM WGS84: 32T 621220 5153749), c. 1900 m, on trunks of Pinus cembra L., on thallus of T. chlorophylla, 4 September 1954, leg. A. Schröppel s.n., det. J. Hafellner (GZU) [label in German]. – Species new to Trentino-Alto Adige.
+ LOM: eastern Alps, Southern Rhaetian Alps, Ortler group (Stelvio group), N above Aprica, by the road from San Pierto to Trivigno, Pian di Cembro (Sondrio) (UTM WGS84: 32T 589954.5113534), 1400–1450 m, mixed coniferous forest, on bark of Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., on thallus of T. chlorophylla, 1 June 1975, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH1665) [label in German]. – Species new to Lombardia.
+ VDA: western Alps, Alpi Pennine, by the road from Aosta to Colle del Gran San Bernardo, NW above Saint Rhémy-en-Bosses (Aosta) (UTM WGS84: 32T 358496.5077916), c. 1800 m, subalpine forest on E slope, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of T. chlorophylla, 1 August 2001, J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87188). – Species new to Valle d’Aosta.
Tremella cetrariicola is a lichenicolous fungus restricted to Tuckermannopsis (the Cetraria chlorophylla group, by some authors included in Nephromopsis). An infection on the brown thallus of the only European species, T. chlorophylla, causes the formation of concolorous and therefore easily overlooked galls. The fungus is widespread in the Holarctic region (Diederich et al. 2022). In Italy, the only record so far comes from Calabria (Brackel and Puntillo 2016). As the host is widely distributed in Italy (Nimis 2026a) from the montane to the subalpine belt, the presence of the occasionally co-occurring basidiomycete can be expected in further regions, although it is certainly not common.
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach
Tremella hypogymniae Diederich & M.S. Christ. (Tremellaceae)
+ FVG: eastern Alp s, Carnic Alps, Monte Tinisa W of Ampezzo, a short distance N below the saddle Forca di Mo ntof (Le Forcelle) (Udine) (UTM WGS84: 33T 323365. 5143219), c. 1750 m, ope n conife rous forest, on bark of Larix decidua Mill., on thallus of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., 19 August 1994, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH76954) [label in German]. – Species new to Friuli Venezia Giulia.
+ TAA: eastern Alps, Dolomiti, Latemar group, N of Reiterjoch (Passo Pampeago) S above Obereggen (Bolzano - Südtirol) (UTM WGS84: 32T 695296.5137612), c. 1900 m, larch-Swiss stone pine forest, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of H. physodes, 27 October 1989, leg. J. Poelt s.n., det. J. Hafellner (GZU) [label in German]; Eastern Alps, Southern Rhaetian Alps, Ortler-group (Stelvio-group), Val di Mare c. 6 km N above Cógolo, SE of Malga Prabòn (Trento), (UTM WGS84: 32T 629915.5140805), c. 1780 m, mixed coniferous forest (Larix decidua, Pinus cembra), on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of H. physodes, 27 July 2006, leg. J. Hafellner, L. Muggia, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87861). – Species new to Trentino-Alto Adige/Sūdtirol.
+ PIE: western Alps, Alpi Liguri, by the road from Mo nesi to Úpega, small valley S above Úpega (Cuneo) (UTM WGS84: 32T 397753.4885470), c. 1600 m, forest with dominant larch, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of H. physodes , 18 July 2000, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87463). – Species new to Piemonte.
+ VDA: western Alps, Alpi Gr aie Centrali, Val Veny W of Courmayeur, Pian Veny near la Visaille (Aosta) (UTM WGS84: 32T 337871.5073325), c. 1650 m, coniferous forest ric h in Larix decidua along a creek, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of Hypogymnia physodes, 30 July 2001, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87091); Western Alps, Alpi Pennine, by the road from Aosta to Colle del Gran San Bernardo, NW above Saint Rhémy-en-Bosses (Aosta) (UTM WGS84: 32T 358496.5077916), c. 1800 m, subalpine forest on E slope, on bark of Larix decidua, on thallus of H. physodes, 1 August 2001, leg. J. Hafellner, P. L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87181). – Species new to Valle d’Aosta.
This lichenicolous Tremella is regarded as highly specialized. Only records on the host H. physodes are assigned here to Tremella hypogymniae (Diederich et al. 2022). The fungus appears to be widely distributed in Italy but the records, summarized by Brackel (2016), are still few. The only records in the Italian part of the Alps were from one locality each in Veneto and Lombardia (Brackel 2010, 2013).
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach
Tremella lichenicola Diederich (Tremellaceae)
+ ITALIA (FVG): eastern Alps, Carnic Alps, along the road from Lago di Sauris to Passo del Pura, NW of Ampezzo (Udine) (UTM WGS84: 33T 325753.5144541), c. 1320 m, beech-fir-spruce forest, on bark of Abies alba Mill., on the thallus of Violella fucata (Stirt.) T.Sprib., 26 July 1993, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH32604) [label in German]. – Species new to Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia).
+ LIG: western Alps, Alpi Lig uri, just E below Úpega, on the southern (right) bank of the stream Negrone (= Corvo torrent) (Imperia) (UTM WGS84: 32T 398883.4886687), c. 1260 m, mixed forest rich in beech, on bark of Fagus sylvatica L., on the thallus of Violella fucata, 19 July 2000, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH84446). – Species new to Liguria.
This lichenicolous fungus is confined to Violella fucata [syn. Mycoblastus fucatus (Stirt.) Zahlbr.], a mostly sterile sorediate crustose lichen, on which it triggers the formation of conspicuous dark, often blackish galls. The species, widespread in Europe and also recorded from western North America (Diederich et al. 2022), is reported here for the first time in Italy.
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach
Tremella pertusae Diederich, Millanes, Brackel & Etayo (Tremellaceae)
+ SAR: valley of Rio Giutturu Mannu, Is Pauceris (Cagliari) (UTM WGS84 32S 490397.4332041), c. 250 m, open cork oak forest, on bark of Quercus suber L., on Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck., 18 July 1985, leg. P.L. Nimis & J. Poelt s.n., det. J. Hafellner (GZU) [label in German]. – Species new to Sardinia.
This lichenicolous basidiomycete is confined to Pertusaria pertusa, on which it induces the formation of strongly convex galls which are a little more vividly colored than the host thallus. The species, based on a type from southern Italy (Calabria), is also known from Germany and Spain (Diederich et al. 2022).
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis
Tremella phaeophysciae Diederich & M.S.Christ. (Tremellaceae)
+ ITALIA (FVG): eastern Alps, Carnic Alps, slopes S above Lago di Sauris, Bosco della Stua (Udine) (UTM WGS84: 33T 324402.5145815), c. 1100 m, beech-fir-spruce forest, on bark of Acer pseudoplatanus L., on thallus of Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg, 16 August 1994, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH77026) [label in German]. – Species new to Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia).
+ PIE: western Alps, Alpi Cozi e, entrance of Vallone del l’Arma, just W of the village Fèdio (Cuneo) (UTM WGS84: 32T 362234.4909422), c. 980 m, scattered trees in a pa sture, on Populus sp., on dead canopy branches fallen to the ground, on thallus of P. orbicularis, 23 July 2000, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach , det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87657). – Species new to Piemonte.
The lichenicolous fungus triggers the formation of brownish only slightly convex galls. It is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, including several countries in Europe (Diederich et al. 2022) and is reported here for the first time in Italy.
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach
Zyzygomyces physciacearum ( Diederich) Diederich, Millanes & Wedin (Filobasidiaceae)
+ FVG: eastern Alps, Carnic Alps, W of Ampezzo by the road to Passo del Pura, near Albergo e Ristorante Pura (Udine) (WGS84: 33T 328364.5142459), c. 715 m, solitary Juglans regia in a meadow, on branches in the lower canopy, on thallus of Physcia adscendens H. Olivier, 17 August 1994, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87221). [label in German]. – Species new to Friuli Venezia Giulia.
+ TAA: eastern Alps, Dolomiti, Val di Landro (Höhlenstein Tal), Lago di Dobbiaco (Toblacher See) ca. 2 km S of Dobbiaco (Toblach), at the eastern lakeshore (Bolzano - Südtirol) (UTM WGS84: 33T 287554.5176042), c. 1260 m, mixed coniferous forest, on dead twigs of Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. c. 0.5–1.5 m above the ground, on thallus of P. adscendens, 30 August 2002, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87970); Eastern Alps, Dolomiti, Val di Fassa, Pera, left bank of Torrente Avisio (Trento) (UTM WGS84: 32T 707165.5147120), ca. 1330 m, riparian woodland, on bark of Salix sp., on thallus of Physcia adscendens, 29 March 1980, J. Hafellner (GZU – JH3169) [label in German]. – Species new to Trentino-Alto Adige.
+ PIE: western Alps, Alpi Cozie, entrance of Vallone dell’Arma, just W of the village Fèdio (Cuneo) (UTM WGS84: 32T 362234.4909422), c. 980 m, scattered trees in a pasture, on Populus sp., on dead canopy branches fallen to the ground, on thallus of P. adscendens, 23 July 2000, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87656); Western Alps, Alpi Liguri, slo pes N above the village Úpega (Cuneo) (UTM WGS84: 32T 398222.4887006), c. 1360 m, outcrops of calcareous schists with scattered trees on steep S-exposed slope, on branches of solitary Pyrus communis L., 19 July 2000, leg. J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach, det. J. Hafellner (GZU – JH87501). – Species new to Piemonte.
The overall distribution of this species has been outlined by Diederich et al. (2022). Outside Europe, it has been recorded from Macaronesia and North America. In Italy, most records come from the central and southern administrative regions (Brackel 2016, under the name Syzygospora physciacearum Diederich). The so far only record from the Italian Alps was from a locality in Veneto (Brackel 2013, under the name Syzygospora physciacearum).
J. Hafellner, P.L. Nimis, M. Tretiach
LICHENS
Anema suffruticosum P.P.Moreno & Egea (Lichinaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, Priare Vecchie, below cave Perini (Vicenza) (UTM WGS84: 701372.5036938), subvertical face, on carbonate rocks, 150 m, 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45953) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
This species is a small peltate cyanolichen found on sunny seepage tracks of carb onate rocks; it is not common but is certainly more widespread than indicated by the few records currently available from Italy (Nimis 2026a). The collected material is richly pycnidiate and fertile (with a single apothecium), and the ascospores are highly variable in shape, ranging from spherical to broadly ellipsoid.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Bagliettoa steineri (Kušan) Vězda (Verrucariaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, trail n. 6, near Grotta del tesoro, (Vicenza), (UTM WGS84: 701417.5037143), on carbonate rocks, 225 m 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45948) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
This is an euendolithic lichen occurring on hard, compact calcareous substrate in shaded to deeply shaded habitats, mostly in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean belt, and characterised by a consistently colourless exciple, becoming pale brown only in old perithecia. Most probably, the lichen cited by Tretiach and Geletti (1997) belongs here.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J.R.Laundon (Cladoniaceae)
+ LIG: Val Bisagno, Monte Croce di San Siro (Genova), on basic carbonatic soil (UTM WGS84: 32T 500243.4923151), 530 m, 14 March 2025, G. Gheza, P. Giordani, G. Canali, L. Di Nuzzo, C. Stringa Basile (GE; Herb. Gheza); Val Bisagno, Terre Rosse close to the Vecchia Osteria (Genova), on basic siliceous soil (UTM WGS84: 32T 499469.4922719), 280 m, 14 March 2025, G. Gheza, P. Giordani, G. Canali, L. Di Nuzzo, C. Stringa Basile (Herb. Gheza). – Species confirmed for the flora of Liguria.
Cladonia peziziformis was reported from several localities in the provinces of Genova and Savona by Gresino (specimens in FI and PAV) and Sbarbaro (1932, 1941, 1956). These old records are the only ones valid from Liguria, since the record by Giordani and Incerti (2008) is wrong, the specimen (GE-342) belonging to another species. The localities reported here are close to some collection sites by C. Sbarbaro located in Val Bisagno, confirming the occurrence of the species after more than 50 years.
G. Gheza, G. Canali, C. Stringa Basile
Gyalecta thelotremella Bagl. (Gyalectaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, trail n. 6, near Grotta del tesoro (Vicenza) (UTM WGS84: 701417.647 5037142.988), on carbonate rocks, 225 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45951) [label in Italian]. – Species new to northern Italy (Veneto).
Gyalecta thelotremella is an inconspicuous species with a thin episubstratic thallus, immersed perithecioid apothecia, and muriform ascospores. It occurs on vertical faces of calcareous rocks in shaded locations, usually near the coast. The new collections extend the known distribution of this species to northern Italy. The substantial collection from Colli Berici is from vertical faces of compact limestone shaded by thermophilous deciduous woodland, rich in Ruscus aculeatus L. The apparently similar, rarely collected G. sbarbaris Vĕzda and G. subclausa Bagl. differ in spore shape and/or size.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Lepraria isidiata (Llimona) Llimona & A.Crespo (Stereocaulaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, Priare Vecchie, below cave Perini (Vicenza) (UTM WGS84: 701372.308 5036938.690), subvertical face, on carbonate rocks, 150 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45956) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
This is a lichen found in sunny, arid habitats, mainly on carbonate substrates moistened by rain, below the montane belt, characterised by crustose-subplacodioid to subsquamulose thalli with well-developed lobes, raised thick margins, and subspherical to ellipsoid, coarse isidioid granules. For further details on geographic distribution, chemistry, and phylogenetic relationships, see Tretiach et al. (2009).
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Phaeophyscia insignis (Mereschk.) Moberg (Physciaceae)
+ TOS: Comano (Massa-Carrara) (UTM WGS84: 32T 590198.4904847), urban park “Parco di Comano”, on bark of Abies alba Mill., 534 m, 7 June 2025, leg. A. Vannini, L. Paoli, Z. Fačkovcová, D. Bernucci, det. Z. Fačkovcová, L. Paoli (SAV0021230). – Species new to Toscana.
Phaeophyscia insignis is a foliose epiphytic lichen that prefers mild, humid temperate conditions in the sub-Mediterranean belt of Italy. It typically grows on the base-rich bark of isolated trees and tolerates moderate nutrient enrichment in natural and semi-natural habitats (Nimis 2026a). It can be easily overlooked in the field, which contributes to its apparent rarity. At the reported locality, it grows alongside similar but more common species such as Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt and Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of true rhizines and a white lower surface.
L. Paoli, A. Vannini, Z. Fač kovcová
Polyblastia sendtneri Kremp. (Verrucariaceae)
+ CAL: in pastures with low limestone outcrops on W-facing slopes of Mt. Timpone di Viggianello, Morano Calabro (Cosenza) (UTM WGS84: 33S 595529.4417225), on calcareous soil, 1779 m, 7 May 2012, leg. J. Malíček, det. J. Malíček (PRA). – Species new to Calabria.
Polyblastia sendtneri is a muscicolous to humicolous species, occasionally saxicolous, occurring on organic soils, mosses, and plant debris over calcareous substrates or base-rich siliceous rocks. The species occurs in exposed habitats of the subalpine and alpine belts, with an ecological optimum above the treeline; it is a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species, most frequent in the Alps and very rare elsewhere, with only sporadic records from the northern and central Apennines (Nimis 2026a). This represents the first record for southern Italy.
J. Malíček, S. Ravera
Porina provincialis (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Cl. Roux (Porinaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, trail n. 6, Grotta del tesoro, (Vicenza), (UTM WGS84: 701345.506 5037230.310), on carbonate rocks, 225 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45952) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
A rich collection for an otherwise rare lichen, which typically occurs on deeply shaded, compact calcareous or dolomitic rocks. This lichen was locally very abundant in the recesses of the vertical faces of a cave, often near the soil and on rocks shaded by overhanging vegetation. The specimens TSB 21324, 35080 from the Trieste Karst were collected in similar ecological conditions.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) Choisy (Psilolechiaceae)
+ BAS: Cerro Falcone (Calvello, Potenza) (UTM WGS 84: 33T 567756.4476561), on acid vertical rock, 1136 m, 7 August 2012, G. Potenza & D. Puntillo (CLU 18220). – Species new to Basilicata.
Psilolechia lucida is a rare species, recognizable for his leprose-granular, ecorticate, effuse, bright sulphur yellow thallus, consisting of farinose, globose, goniocysts surrounded by an incomplete wall of irregularly arranged hyphae. It was collected on vertical, acid rock faces, in a shaded niche protected from rain, in a site with high atmospheric humidity. The collected specimen is sterile.
G. Potenza, D. Puntillo
Scytinium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin (Collemataceae)
+ MAR: Castelvecchio (Perugia) (UTM WGS84: 32T 337997.4750902), on calcareous soil and plant debris, 553 m, 4 October 2024, L. Guazzini (FI). – Species new to Marche.
Scytinium tenuissimum is a cyanolichen occurring on a wide range of substrates. The thallus of this specimen forms a dark blue-grey, compact cushion about 1 cm wide, found on highly exposed calcareous soil and plant debris on a south-facing roadside slope. The lobes have cylindrical, coralloid, dissected margins with an isidia-like appearance (Nimis 2026a).
L. Guazzini, L. Di Nuzzo, R. Benesperi
Swinscowia calcarea (Bricaud & Cl.Roux) S.H.Jiang, Lücking & Sérus. (Strigulaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, trail n. 6, near Grotta del tesoro, (Vicenza), (UTM WGS84: 701417.647 5037142.988), on carbonate rocks, 225 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45950) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
Found in more exposed locations than the congeneric Swinscowia endolithea (Cl.Roux & Bricaud) S.H.Jiang, Lücking & Sérus. (see below), this lichen, characterised by triseptate ascospores and triseptate macroconidia (Tretiach and Rinino 2006), appears to be less rare, although to date it was known only from the Trieste Karst. This collection is richly pycnidiate but also has some fertile perithecia, deeply immersed in the endolithic thallus which is very irregular due to the numerous micropits left by decaying pycnidia.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Swinscowia endolithea (Cl.Roux & Bricaud) S.H.Jiang, Lücking & Sérus. (Strigulaceae)
+ FVG: Classical Karst, Cernizza (Trieste) (UTM WGS84: 390646.664 5070101.488), on compact carbonate rocks shaded by M editerranean maquis, 8 m a.s.l., 28 October 2024, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45955) [label in Italian]. – Species confirmed to Friuli Venezia Giulia.
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, trail n. 6, near Grotta del tesoro, (Vicenza), (UTM WGS84: 701417.647 5037142.988), on limestone, 225 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45949) [label in Italian]. – Species new to Veneto.
This is a recently described species, previously known from southern France and the Trieste coastal area, occurring on shaded, compact calcareous rocks in thermophilous evergreen vegetation. It is characterised by a crustose, euendolithic thallus, entirely immersed perithecia, colourless to light pink, lacking an involucrellum, and (5-)7-septate, hyaline ascospores. The Veneto material, collected at the same site as S. endolithea, is sterile but richly pycnidiate, with (3-)5-7-septate macroconidia, (17-)21 ± 2 (-25) × 4–5 µm, rounded at the ends, as observed in samples from the Trieste area. Their dimensions are smaller than those reported by Roux and Sérusiaux (2004) [(16)20-28(34) × (3.5) 4.0–4.5 (5.0) µm] for material from Provence, but consistent with the data of Tretiach and Rinino (2006) for material collected near Trieste. However, too few specimens are available so far to determine whether this difference in macroconidiospore dimensions between the populations of south eastern France and north eastern Italy warrants taxonomic recognition.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Synalissina condensata (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto (Lichinellaceae)
+ VEN: South-eastern Alps, Dolomites, Marmolada massif, Rocca Pietore (Belluno), between Malga Ombretta and Rifugio Onorio Falier all’Ombretta, c. 2050 m a.s.l., on volcanic rock, (UTM WGS84: 720902.654, 5145377.647), August 2017, M. Tretiach (TSB – 45971). – Species new to Veneto.
Synalissina condensata is known from scattered localities in the Alps, mostly on boulders and cliffs of dolomite and calcareous rocks, from which the type specimen (M, leg. Arnold) originates; this represented the only sample known from the Italian territory (Nimis et al. 2018). The extensive collection cited here was sampled, on the contrary, from intermediate extrusive igneous rocks of the calc-alkaline magmatic series of the Marmolada massif, at the tree line. According to some authors, S. condensata may be conspecific with S. intricata (Arnold) Nyl., but the two species differ in several characters. Synalissina condensata is perhaps more similar to the better-known species S. botryosa (A.Massal.) M.Schultz & M.Prieto. The former species forms small, dense, black turfs or slightly convex cushions approximately 3–10 mm wide, composed of numerous densely packed, erect, terete lobules, whereas in S. botryosa the cushions are smaller, often only 1–2 mm wide, often irregular with tiny, frequently indistinct lobules. In S. condensata the apothecia, which are very numerous, are terminal, as are the pycnidia; however, ascospore size (larger in S. condensata) is diagnostic. When describing S. condensata as a variety of what is now S. botryosa, Arnold (1869: 655) mentioned that the new taxon might be conspecific with Peccania pellizzonii A. Massal. ex Körb. (Körber 1865: 430.), a taxon previously cited but not validly published by Massalongo [1860: 54: nomen nudum sine planta; in litt. ad Kremp. 2 Mar. 1857 as Corinophoros pellizonii (sic)]. No original material of P. pellizzonii could be traced among Massalongo’s lichen collections.
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri
Thyrea plectopsora A.Massal. (Porocyphaceae)
+ VEN: Colli Berici, Lumignano, Priare Vecchie, below cave Perini (Vicenza) (UTM WGS84: 701372.308 5036938.690), subvertical face, on carbonate rocks, 150 m a.s.l., 12 July 2025, M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri (TSB – 45970). [label in Italian]. – Species confirmed to Veneto.
This species was described from material collected by Massalongo in two localities, Oliero and Avesa, in the provinces of Vicenza and Verona respectively, but it has never been recollected or found elsewhere in Veneto, as all subsequent citations (e.g., Lazzarin 2000) are based on Massalongo’s specimens. Although only a few thalli could be collected from a steeply inclined, compact calcareous rock, they displayed all the fundamental characters necessary for a convincing identification: umbilicate squamules with a more or less compact central strand of hyphae running parallel to the outer surface, and cyanobionts in clusters of 4–8 cells; pycnoascocarps as fruiting bodies, forming 8-spored asci; single-celled meioascospores c. 8–10 × 7 µm; ellipsoid microconidiospores c. 2–3 × 1 µm. However, according to Nimis (2026b), in T. plectopsora the margins of the squamules are clearly ascending, whereas in our material the margins are involute, as described in the protologue to the taxon [Massalongo (1856): “Ambitu […] retroflexo”] and as can be observed in the iconography provided by Nimis (2026b).
M. Tretiach, S. Ceseri