Global and Regional IUCN Red List Assessments : 2

In this contribution the conservation status assessment of six plant species according to IUCN categories and criteria are presented. It includes the assessment at global level of Charybdis glaucophylla Bacch., Brullo, D’Emerico, Pontec. & Salmeri, Euphorbia nicaeensis All. subsp. japygica (Ten.) Arcang., Hieracium australe Fr. subsp. australe, Limonium multiforme Pignatti, Onosma helvetica Boiss. em. Teppner subsp. lucana (Lacaita) Peruzzi, Aquaro & Cesca and the assessment at national level (Italy) of Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) Kuntze subsp. laxiflorus. Italian Botanist 2: 93–115 (2016) doi: 10.3897/italianbotanist.2.10975 http://italianbotanist.pensoft.net Copyright Fenu Giuseppe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RESEARCH ARTICLE Giuseppe Fenu et al. / Italian Botanist 2: 93–115 (2016) 94

Common name.Scilla dalle foglie glauche (It); Scille avec feuilles glauques (Fr); Scilla with glaucous leafs (En) Geographic distribution range.Charybdis glaucophylla (Fig. 1) is endemic to the Sardo-Corsican biogeographical province (Fenu et al. 2014); its known distribution consists of seven populations in Sardinia and one population in Corsica (Fig. 2).Until recently, C. glaucophylla was known only from the Sulcitano-Iglesiente biogeographic sector (Isola di San Pietro, Pranu Sartu, Is Arenas and Monte Linas; Fenu et al. 2014).In recent years, this taxon was also discovered in three small localities in the mountainous inlands of Monte Limbara (north Sardinia).The only Corsican population was recently discovered in the islet of Lavezzi (southern Corsica).
Distribution.Countries of occurrence: Italy (Sardinia) and France (Corsica) Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (geophyte) Flowering and fruiting time.From late July to August and fruiting from August to September.
Reproduction.No information on pollination, dispersal strategy or seed germination are available.
Habitat and ecology.This species has a relatively wide ecological range.In coastal areas, it is associated with both rocky and sandy places.It is usually a member of subhalophilous plant communities characterised by a number of endemic species, such as Bellium crassifolium Moris, Hyoseris taurina (Pamp.)Martinoli and Limonium sulcita-  num Arrigoni.On sand dunes, this species grows together with various psammophytes, such as Ephedra distachya L., Genista arbusensis Vals.and Scrophularia ramosissima Loisel.(Bacchetta et al. 2012).However, Charybdis glaucophylla also occurs in mountainous areas up to 1,300 m elevation.Here it generally grows in garrigue characterised by Teucrium marum L., Genista corsica (Loisel.)DC. and Helichrysum microphyllum subsp.tyrrhenicum Bacch., Brullo & Giusso as well as other geophytes, such as Crocus minimus DC. and Romulea requienii Parl.
Population information.There is no detailed information available on population dynamics.However, due to its habitats, the population trend and the number of mature individuals can be considered stable.
Threats.2.3.1 Nomadic grazing: The presence of domestic and wild animals (in particular wild boar Sus scrofa) could limit the reproductive success of this taxon.

CRITERIA APPLIED: Criterion B:
EOO: 3,743 km 2 calculated with minimum convex hull in ArcGis 9.1 AOO: 36 km 2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid

Decline.
No documented decline in EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations, quality of the habitat or number of mature plants.

Least Concern
Rationale for the assessment.Charybdis glaucophylla is a Corso-Sardinian endemic that is found in eight distinct populations, mainly concentrated in Sardinia.It has an extent of occurrence of ca.4,000 km 2 and an area of occurrence of 36 km 2 .Despite the small size of most populations and the observed grazing impact, there is no evidence of a decline.Indeed, most populations occur in remote places, reached only by few animals and humans, and impacts could be considered marginal and/or potential.For this reason, this plant is assessed as Least Concern at global level.
Previous assessment.Charybdis glaucophylla was considered Vulnerable (VU D2) at the regional level in Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2012); it was not evaluated (NE) previously at the global (IUCN 2016) or at the regional level in Corsica (Delage and Hugot 2015).
Conservation actions.Charybdis glaucophylla is unprotected by either international, national or regional laws.To-date, seeds are not stored in any germplasm bank, although some individuals are cultivated in the Botanical Garden of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy).In Sardinia, all known locations are included in the Nature 2000 network; in particular, southwestern populations are in SCIs ITB040027 "Isola di San Pietro", ITB040029 "Costa di Nebida", ITB040071 "Da Piscinas a Riu Scivu", ITB041111 "Monte Linas Marganai", and in the Natura 2000 SPA ITB043035 "Costa e entroterra tra Punta Cannoni e Punta delle Oche".All populations in northern Sardinia are included within the SCI ITB011109 "Monte Limbara".The only population in Corsica is within the Corsican Nature Reserve of "Bouches de Bonifacio" and in the Natura 2000 SCI FR9400591 and SPA FR9410021 "Plateau de Pertusato/ Bonifacio et îles Lavezzi".
Conservation actions needed.Research activities are recommended in order to better understand the reproductive biology; ex situ conservation and monitoring programs are encouraged in order to prevent and evaluate the possible development of threats (e.g.increasing grazing, human activities or stochastic events), which could rapidly change the current conservation status, in particular of the small and scattered populations.
Notes.Charybdis glaucophylla presents relevant karyological, morphological and phenological features, such as wide and short, rigid and glaucous-pruinose leaves, as well as the very late winter foliation (Bacchetta et al. 2012).Indeed, it showed only some relationships with C. pancration for the whitish bulb tunics and the diploid chromosome complement, and with C. maura and C. aphylla due to the glaucous leaves.Charybdis glaucophylla was considered a relictual schizoendemic arisen by a gradual diversification as a consequence of a long geographic isolation (Bacchetta et al. 2012).However, due to the recent discovery of populations in northern Sardinia and Corsica, the phylogenesis of this taxon should be revisited and supported by updated investigations.
Distribution.Countries of occurrence: Italy Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (chamaephyte) Flowering time.From May to July Reproduction.No information on pollination strategy or seed germination is available.

2005).
Population information.There is no detailed information available on population dynamics.
Threats.7.1.1Increase in fire frequency/intensity: an increase in fire frequency or intensity would negatively affect the populations.
7.3 Other ecosystem modifications: natural succession, favoured by the occurrence of the populations in protected areas, would lead to a loss of habitat for the species.

CRITERIA APPLIED: Criterion B:
EOO: 9,452 km 2 calculated with minimum convex hull (with Google Earth Pro) AOO: 64 km 2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid (but probably underestimated) a) Number of locations: 9 (according to threat 7.1.1)b) No documented decline in EOO (i), AOO (ii), area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv) or number of mature individuals (v) c) No extreme fluctuations

Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment) LC Least Concern
Rationale for the assessment.Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp.japygica is an Italian endemic that is found only in Puglia, Basilicata and Campania.It has an extent of occurrence of 9,452 km 2 and an area of occupancy of at least 64 km 2 .Although some threats have been detected, there is no evidence of a decline.Therefore, it is classified as Least Concern.
Conservation actions.Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp.japygica is unprotected by international, national or regional laws.Since 2009, under the "GRASTEPP" project, some populations in Puglia are monitored and seed lots are stored ex situ in the Germplasm Bank of the Botanical Museum of the University of Bari (BG-MOBB).
Conservation actions needed.research and monitoring activities are recommended, in order to better understand the reproductive biology, ecology and the threats of the species and the population trend.
Note.Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp.japygica differs from E. nicaeensis subsp.nicaeensis essentially in having hairy capsules (Smith and Tutin 1968 Common name.Sparviere milanese (It) Geographic distribution range.Hieracium australe Fr. subsp.australe (Fig. 5) is an Italian endemic with a very narrow range.It is known only from a single locality in the city of Milano (Fig. 6), where it grows on the walls of the Sforza castle (Galasso et al. 2011).
Distribution.Countries of occurrence: Italy Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (hemicryptophyte) Flowering time.From June to September Reproduction.No detailed information on pollination, dispersal strategy or seed germination is available.However, the species is known to produce apomictic seeds   (Banfi et al. 2015), which seem to be dispersed by wind and that can easily germinate (unpublished data).
Habitat and ecology.This species is confined to a single site in the city center of Milano, where it grows on the walls of the Sforza castle.In the past, it was collected also on the old defensive city walls (almost completely destroyed at the beginning of the twentieth century), but today its range is limited to few square meters on the castle walls, where it grows together with common species, such as Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.subsp.muralis, Parietaria judaica L. and Sonchus oleraceus L.
Population information.Only one population of 4-5 individuals is currently known.In 2011, a dozen individuals were discovered after almost thirty years in which the species was no longer recorded (Banfi and Galasso 1998).However, most of the individuals were decimated by the herbicides used during the cleaning of the walls for EXPO 2015.
Threats.5.2.3 Gathering terrestrial plants, Persecution/control: the plant was removed during the cleaning of the old walls of the Sforza castle.9.3.3Pollution, Herbicides and pesticides: the use of herbicides for the containment of climbing plant species (native and invasive alien) threatens the few remaining individuals.

CRITERIA APPLIED: Criterion B:
AOO: 4 km 2 calculated with a 2×2 km cell fixed grid Decline.Documented decline in quality of the habitat (iii) and number in mature individuals (v) Criterion D: Number of mature individuals < 50

CR Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) + D1
Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment) Rationale for the assessment.Hieracium australe Fr. subsp.australe is an Italian endemic that is found only on the walls of the Sforza castle in Milano, with an AOO of 4 km 2 (although the real distribution area is a few square meters).The only known population suffered a drastic decline in 2015, with only 4-5 individuals currently surviving.For this reason this taxon is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) + D1.
Conservation actions.Hieracium australe Fr. subsp.australe is unprotected by international, national, or regional laws.One seed sample is stored ex situ at the Millennium Seed Bank (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, UK).
Conservation actions needed.Urgent monitoring and management programme are required in order to save this species from extinction.In 2016, seeds were collected to start an ex situ cultivation programme, in order to plan future population reinforcement actions and reintroductions in other ancient walls of Milano.
Distribution.Countries of occurrence: Italy Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (chamaephyte) Flowering time.From June to July (August) Reproduction.No detailed information on pollination, dispersal strategy or seed germination is available.However, the species is known to be autogamous, and seeds are dispersed by sea.
Habitat and ecology.L. multiforme grows on cliffs and rocky coasts close to the sea directly exposed to the marine aerosol.This species is characteristic of the association Crithmo-Limonietum multiformis Arrigoni, Nardi & Raffaelli 1985(Arrigoni et al. 1985, Arrigoni and Di Tommaso 1997, Foggi et al. 2006)

").
Population information.There is no detailed information available on population dynamics, and trend nor on the number of mature individuals.
Threats.1.1 Housing & Urban areas: some coastal areas close to Livorno are highly urbanized and can be subject to future developments.
6.1 Recreational activities: human trampling, and other tourist activities represent a threat for some of the populations (localities close to the city of Livorno, the Piombino promontory, Punta Ala and Mt.Argentario).
8.1.2Invasive non-native/alien species (named species): in many sites, the species' habitat is threatened by the expansion of Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bolus, Opuntia sp.pl. and Agave sp.pl.8.2.2 Problematic Native Species, (named species): trampling and increased nutrients (guano) due to the abundance of nesting colonies of Larus michahellis Naumann can damage the islet populations of L. multiforme, thereby favouring the growth of more nitrophilous species.Ital., n.s. 31: 33 (1924) Common name.Viperina lucana (It) Geographic distribution range.Onosma helvetica subsp.lucana (Fig. 9) is an Italian endemic, confined to Basilicata and Calabria (Peruzzi et al. 2014).To date, this taxon is known for 15 sites, which are split into three nuclei: the northernmost one (in- cluding the locus classicus) is within the borders of the Regional Park of Gallipoli Cognato -Piccole Dolomiti Lucane, the second one is located in the north-eastern part of the Pollino National Park, while the southernmost one occurs in the so-called Sila Greca and it is partially included in the Sila National Park (Gavioli 1936, Peruzzi et al. 2004, Conti et al. 2007, Roma-Marzio and Peruzzi 2015) (Fig. 10).These three nuclei could be considered as distinct subpopulations due to their geographical separation.
Distribution.Countries of occurrence: Italy Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (suffruticose chamaephyte) Flowering time: from May to September Reproduction.Based on our field observations, the plants seem mainly pollinated by hymenopterans.No information on seed dispersal and germination is available Habitat and ecology.The preferred habitat of Onosma helvetica subsp.lucana is represented by eroded slopes at the border of roads.Typically, this taxon is hosted by garrigue communities rich in therophytes and hemicryptophytes, mainly established on limestone, at an altitude ranging from 300 to 1,100 m a.s.l.(Peruzzi et al. 2004, Conti et al. 2007, Roma-Marzio and Peruzzi 2015).
Population information.There is no detailed information available on population dynamics, however, due to its habitat, the population trend and the number of mature individuals are likely to be in decline.Threats.2.3 Livestock and farming and ranching: some sites are subjected to trampling and grazing due to nomadic domestic animals.
4.1 Roads and railroads: the construction and the management of roads have a negative impact on the plant communities growing in their proximity.
6.1 Recreational activities: some sites are threatened by human intrusion for recreational activities (e.g.trampling, off-road vehicles).
7.3 Other ecosystems modifications: locally, vegetation dynamics can originate habitat variations unfavourable for this plant.
10.3 Avalanches and landslides: some populations can be lost or reduced by landslides caused by the erosion of the slopes where the plant is found.

CRITERIA APPLIED: Criterion B:
EOO: 1,100 km 2 calculated with minimum convex hull polygon in ArcGIS 9.3 AOO: 40 km 2 calculated with a 2 × 2 km fixed cell grid a) Number of locations: the following four locations have been identified according to threats 4.1 and 7.3: Gallipoli Cognato -Piccole Dolomiti Lucane, Calabrian side of the Pollino Massif, Lucanian side of the Pollino Massif, and Sila Greca.Individuals occurring on the Calabrian side of the Pollino Massif were included into a single location because they grow along roads subjected to a similar management regime.An unfavourable management of road borders can simultaneously threaten all the individuals growing in that area.b) Decline in extent and quality of the habitat (iii); decline in number of mature individuals (v).No documented decline in AOO and EOO.

Red List category and Criteria (Global Assessment)
EN Endangered B1ab(iii,v) + 2ab(iii,v) Rationale for the assessment.Onosma helvetica subsp.lucana is an Italian endemic (Peruzzi et al. 2014) that occurs in a few sites in the southern Apennines.It has an extent of occurrence of 1,100 km 2 and an area of occurrence of 40 km 2 .The populations are fragmented and most of them are declining due to the human disturbance caused by the proximity of roads (Peruzzi et al. 2004, Roma-Marzio andPeruzzi 2015).Further threats to populations are locally represented by landslides, grazing, and habitat modifications.Because of the rarity and the overall decline of population size and habitat quality, this taxon qualifies as Endangered B1ab(iii,v) + 2ab (iii,v).
Previous assessment.at a global level, this taxon was previously not evaluated (NE; IUCN 2016).
Conservation actions.The populations of Onosma helvetica subsp.lucana partially occur within the following regional or national nature reserves: the Regional Park of Gallipoli Cognato -Piccole Dolomiti Lucane, the Pollino National Park, and the Sila National Park.11) has a S-European-Irano-Turanian distribution range, while L. laxiflorus subsp.angustifolius (Post ex Dinsm.)Davis is an endemic of Turkey (southern Anatolia).Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp.laxiflorus in Italy is localised exclusively in Calabria, in the NW sector of Mt.Sila.It occurs in two small sites, about 5.5 km apart (Fig. 12): Valle del Cecita (Longobucco, Cosenza), and Fossiata (Spezzano della Sila, Cosenza).
Biology.Plant growth form: perennial (hemicryptophyte).Chromosome number: 2n = 14 (Strid and Franzen 1981, Franzen and Gustavsson 1983, Papanicolaou 1984) Flowering time.From June to July (in Italy) Reproduction.no information on pollination, dispersal strategy nor seed germination for the Italian population is available Habitat and ecology.In Greece, Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp.laxiflorus is a characteristic and diagnostic species of thermophilous deciduous woods with Quercus frainetto Ten.(Bergemeier and Dimopoulos 2008).The Calabrian population occurs in pine forests with Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp.calabrica (Loud.)A.E.Murray, on granitic substrate, with well-drained forest soil, at an altitude of 1150-1350 m.
Population information.The only known population occurs in the same area recorded by Fiori (1919), who already considered the species very rare.It was not recorded until its finding by the authors in 2014; a population study was conducted in June 2015.Currently, the Italian population consists of two nuclei: a main nucleus with about 3,000 individuals and a second one with only 33 plants placed in a former forestry nursery and probably of secondary origin.Red List category and Criteria (Regional Assessment)

CR
Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii, v) Rationale for the assessment.In Italy, Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp.laxiflorus is listed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B due to its restricted AOO (8 km 2 ), the number of locations and the serious threat acting on the population that result in a continuous decline in habitat quality (iii) and in number of mature individuals (v).The population in Italy is very isolated from other eastern populations in the Balkans; therefore, also considering the dispersal strategy, down-listing was not applied.
Previous assessment. in Italy, the species was not evaluated previously either at a global level (NE; IUCN 2016), nor at the Regional level (Conti et al. 1997, Rossi et al. 2016).
Conservation actions.The species is unprotected in Italy.The population is included in the National Park of Sila, and the smallest nucleus is in the SCI Cozzo del Principe (IT9310079).
Conservation actions needed.further monitoring and research activities are recommended in order to better understand its reproductive biology, its demographic trends, and the reasons for its restricted distribution in Italy.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Geographic range and distribution map of Charybdis glaucophylla.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Geographic range and distribution map of Limonium multiforme.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Geographic range and distribution map of Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp.laxiflorus in Italy.
Conservation actions needed.improved management of vegetation growing at road borders and further monitoring efforts are needed in order to better understand the population trends.Ex situ conservation of seeds in seed banks is recommended.